在,食與心帶大家了解了膳食纖維在預(yù)防改善便秘、增強(qiáng)腸道屏障功能和免疫力、預(yù)防炎癥性腸病、骨質(zhì)疏松和結(jié)直腸癌、控制血糖、血脂、血膽固醇以及體重中的重要作用,本期讓我們繼續(xù)關(guān)注膳食纖維對(duì)于其他慢性疾病的預(yù)防和改善效果。
11) 預(yù)防和改善非酒精性脂肪肝
12) 預(yù)防和改善高血壓
13) 降低尿毒素水平,預(yù)防和改善慢性腎病
14) 預(yù)防和改善心血管疾病
15) 降低哮喘風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
高纖維飲食可調(diào)整腸道菌群,并通過(guò)多條途徑增強(qiáng)呼吸道免疫力
16) 降低肺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
17) 降低慢性阻塞性肺病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
18) 降低食管癌、卵巢癌、和乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
19) 預(yù)防和改善腦漏
膳食纖維及其代謝產(chǎn)物可通過(guò)四條途徑影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力和情緒狀態(tài)
20) 增強(qiáng)壓力應(yīng)對(duì)能力,預(yù)防心理疾病
高纖維飲食可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng),降低神經(jīng)炎癥,從而有助于改善學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力和情緒狀態(tài),低纖維飲食作用則相反。
21) 預(yù)防和改善大腦炎癥及認(rèn)知退化
22) 其他益處
三. 吃膳食纖維獲益同時(shí)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嗎?
綜上,日常飲食中保證充分的膳食纖維攝入,即高纖維飲食對(duì)人有眾多好處,保護(hù)腸道屏障,提高免疫力和學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,預(yù)防和改善高血壓/高血脂/高血糖/高低密度膽固醇/慢性腎病等代謝異常,預(yù)防和改善哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病等慢性呼吸道疾病,預(yù)防結(jié)直腸癌、肺癌和乳腺癌癥各種癌癥,從而明顯降低個(gè)體英年早逝的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
因此,認(rèn)為“處在某個(gè)特殊時(shí)期,必須精米細(xì)面肉蛋來(lái)調(diào)養(yǎng),不能吃纖維” 的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)并不可取,不管是強(qiáng)壯的年輕人,還是幼小的孩子,年長(zhǎng)的老人,抑或虛弱的病人,膳食纖維都能助你遠(yuǎn)離疾病,更加健康快樂(lè)的生活。
關(guān)注健康的朋友可能會(huì)有疑問(wèn)“2018年不是有一篇研究說(shuō)吃了膳食纖維的老鼠得了肝癌嗎,吃膳食纖維有好處,但是不是還有壞處呀”?當(dāng)然不是,我們來(lái)仔細(xì)分析一下這項(xiàng)研究。
2018年的這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[26]:某種特殊遺傳背景的小鼠,4周齡開(kāi)始使用富含可溶性膳食纖維的飲食,比如高菊糖飲食、高果膠飲食和高低聚果糖飲食時(shí),6個(gè)月后,小鼠肥胖和代謝異常得到改善,但肝癌發(fā)生率卻急劇增加,高菊糖飲食組肝癌率達(dá)40%,高果膠飲食組為13%,高低聚果糖飲食組為12.5%,而高不可發(fā)酵膳食纖維飲食(高纖維素)并未增加肝癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
我們首先來(lái)看研究對(duì)象:這項(xiàng)研究所用小鼠是缺乏識(shí)別微生物信號(hào)受體(TLR-5)的T5KO小鼠,這種小鼠本身就存在腸道菌群異常和慢性結(jié)腸炎,伴有肥胖、血糖、血脂和血壓異常。簡(jiǎn)而言之,研究對(duì)象為有基因缺陷的腸漏小鼠。
其次是飲食:這項(xiàng)研究中,高菊糖飲食組飼料中膳食纖維占總重量10%,其中菊糖占總重量7.5%,纖維素占總重量2.5%,高果膠組和高低聚果糖組用果膠和低聚果糖替代菊糖。也就是說(shuō),100克食物中,含有10克膳食纖維,其中7.5克為菊糖,2.5克為纖維素。
也就是說(shuō):在有明顯腸漏的情況下,(一般各種慢性疾病均伴有腸漏,想深入了解可閱讀食與心腸漏系列文章),食用大量可溶性膳食纖維,兩周以上,可誘發(fā)肝癌。大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以這樣理解,比如每天吃500克食物,其中要包含37.5克菊粉,或者250克洋姜(洋姜也叫鬼子姜或菊芋,是菊粉含量最高的植物之一,可達(dá)15%);或者500克食物中含37.5克果膠,由于水果中的果膠含量一般不超過(guò)1%,一日三餐只吃水果難以達(dá)到這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即便是果膠含量最高的柚子(3.3-4.5%),天天食用1000克以上也幾無(wú)可能。
因此,在日常生活中,即便是慢性疾病患者,高纖維飲食也不會(huì)像實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠那樣出現(xiàn)肝癌,因?yàn)闆](méi)有人會(huì)把提純的膳食纖維當(dāng)飯吃,也沒(méi)有人會(huì)只吃2種固定的膳食纖維,且經(jīng)年累月地吃。
綜上,食與心善意提醒大家:
那么,對(duì)于不同年齡不同性別的人來(lái)說(shuō),膳食纖維有沒(méi)有最佳食用劑量呢?下期食與心將揭示答案并為你提供滿(mǎn)足自己膳食纖維需求的每日飲食計(jì)劃參考。
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