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考研英語長難句分析
  1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

    [句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]本句是典型的非限定性定語從句,難點(diǎn)在其主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定,并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語從句,一個(gè)是(which was)representing… ,另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。

    可見,定語從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。

    [句子翻譯] 對資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國計(jì)民生的一部分,代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離,而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。

    [翻譯技巧] 實(shí)際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時(shí)遇上定語從句,一定不要機(jī)械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長的情況,把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個(gè)階層”開始另起一句。

    2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

    [句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]1)有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu),分句由who…,and who…兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語而是介詞短語作定語,真正的主句謂語是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名詞)”。

    2)that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指紅利,that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的,that of sth相當(dāng)于which is結(jié)構(gòu),目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending…是省略了which were的定語從句,把of sth結(jié)構(gòu)和定語從句交替使用是英語中長難句的慣用手法,目的是避免行文的單調(diào),考生朋友們要注意分辨。

    [句子翻譯] 像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了,大批隱退的享樂階層人士靠自己的收入,在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系,只是分取紅利,偶爾參加股東會(huì)議,對管理人員發(fā)號施令。

    [翻譯技巧]同樣是為了避開定語從句,將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個(gè)短語的理解。

    retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to與……有關(guān)系/up to 達(dá)到……的規(guī)模

    3.Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "

    [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有省略。1)like…分句是省略了who 的主語從句中的分句,considering…分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。這個(gè)狀語從句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般來說較長的狀語從句置于句尾,較短的置于句首,為的是使句子看上去顯得簡潔一些。

    2)like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略,補(bǔ)全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英語中的從句之所以是難點(diǎn)就是因?yàn)榇罅康厥÷砸龑?dǎo)詞。

    [句子翻譯]羅博特·富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道,機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍,像詩人對待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣,把它們作為自己的思路展示,每一個(gè)新組合都傳送一個(gè)新概念。

    [翻譯技巧]如果嚴(yán)格地翻譯,like分句應(yīng)該譯為“像對待字母表中字母的詩人一樣”,原因是這個(gè)從句修飾的是機(jī)械工,應(yīng)該用詩人來對應(yīng),但這樣一來,就不符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣了。

    4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

    [句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]主語是some of these causes,實(shí)際的主語就是some,不過謂語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to…是定語從句的分句結(jié)構(gòu),意為“屬于”。

    [句子翻譯]在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來自社會(huì)需求,另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。

    [翻譯技巧]這個(gè)翻譯比較簡單,注意being to的翻譯即可。

    5.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

    [句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]1)有套和從句。這個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長難句時(shí)一定要注意找出句子的主干,關(guān)鍵是確定句子的主語和謂語,只有這樣才不會(huì)被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。

    2)When引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾conclusion的定語從句,第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語從句,wants前省略了which,是引導(dǎo)的修飾a government的主語從句。

    [句子翻譯]這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當(dāng)時(shí)一些國家的政府下了結(jié)論,認(rèn)為:政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。

    [翻譯技巧]此句中短語較多。

    come to the conclusion形成某種結(jié)論/make of提出/in detail詳細(xì)地

    6.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

    [句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]注意not…but句型,意為“不是……而是……”

    [句子翻譯]給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持,看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。

    [翻譯技巧]嚴(yán)格說來,not…but結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)譯為“不是……而是……”,但這樣就顯得羅嗦,所 以譯為“與……無關(guān)”,但(另一些有關(guān))。a amount of指“數(shù)量達(dá)到……”。be related to指“與……有關(guān)”。

    7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.

    [句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects

    [語法難點(diǎn)]so made指“如此構(gòu)成”,so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu),意為“如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to指“可以(或不可以)……”。

    [句子翻譯]然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。

    [翻譯技巧]be so made that意為“如…構(gòu)成”,不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣,所以譯為“就是如此”。

    in principle 總的說來/deal with應(yīng)付……

    8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

    [句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句。1)主語較為復(fù)雜,為并列結(jié)構(gòu),分別是new forms和new subjects,中間用as well as連接。

    2)as在這里引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)(as they have in the past),have的賓語省略了,其內(nèi)容與本句主語一致。

    3)giving rise to…分句為非限定性定語從句的從句,省略了which are。

    [句子翻譯]同過去一樣,將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象,給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

    [翻譯技巧]as well as 和,以及/give rise to給……以機(jī)會(huì)

    9.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.

    [句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]插入成分很多。此句實(shí)際上是個(gè)簡單句,其核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means…,只不過添加了諸多限制結(jié)構(gòu)使句子看起來很復(fù)雜。”For Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語成分,“a 54-years old…cancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。

    [句子翻譯]對于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達(dá)爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來說,這個(gè)法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去,而無須終日擔(dān)心將要來臨的折磨:因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。

    [翻譯技巧]同位語從句在漢語中很少出現(xiàn),對同位語從句的處理就把它當(dāng)作定語從句即可。如此句中就將同位語成分作為前置狀語成分的主語的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”,表示非??謶?。

    10.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

    [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有套和從句。逗號前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語,作狀語,里面又有一個(gè)that從句作the view的同位語,逗號后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語從句。

    [句子翻譯] 這類人持極端看法,認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同,對待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。

    [翻譯技巧]in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”,不要把respect 譯成“尊重”;extremists為極端主義者;let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi),不關(guān)乎道德”。

    11.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

    [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]以冒號為界,將全句分成兩個(gè)復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里,時(shí)間狀語從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see…的情形的出現(xiàn)。That修飾這種行為,主句表明這種行為并不錯(cuò)。冒號后面的復(fù)合句解釋為什么。這里有一個(gè)that從句,作instinct的定語。

    [句子翻譯] 這種反應(yīng)并不錯(cuò),這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用,這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。

    [翻譯技巧]將that,it等代詞具體化,使譯文表達(dá)明確;reasoning不能譯成“原因”,而應(yīng)譯為“推理,推論”;in action不能譯成“在行動(dòng)中”,而譯成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻譯被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使譯文流暢自然。< TOP >

    12.The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

    [句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有插入語。for example是個(gè)插入結(jié)構(gòu),不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…結(jié)構(gòu),是“如此……以至于”的意思。

    [句子翻譯] 以阿斯旺大壩為例,它擋住了尼羅河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤,換回來的卻是一個(gè)病態(tài)的大水庫。現(xiàn)在水庫積滿泥沙,幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。

    [翻譯技巧]the Nile是尼羅河。All in return意思是“換回來的全部則是”。

    13.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

    [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有套和從句。the trouble is that…是表語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。后一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語從句。

    [句子翻譯] 問題在于,近期的增長一定程度上是因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)運(yùn)作周期漲落的結(jié)果,因此還不能得出經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢這一結(jié)論。

    [翻譯技巧]part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業(yè)周期”。

    14.New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

    [句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有插入語。兩個(gè)破折號中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu),可以視為括號里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時(shí)候基本可以跳過不看,除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。

    [句子翻譯] 組織工作場所的新方法——包括機(jī)構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)?!皇谴龠M(jìn)某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項(xiàng)措施,還有其他許多因素促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)率的提高,比如對機(jī)械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對教育培訓(xùn)投資等。

    [翻譯技巧]all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產(chǎn)力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯(lián)合投資”。Drive譯為“驅(qū)動(dòng)”。

    15.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.

    [句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定語從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現(xiàn)在分詞giving。

    [句子翻譯] 他的同時(shí)邁克爾·比爾說,為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡單機(jī)械的方式進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)重組,降低了成本,但卻未能充分考慮長期贏利。

    [翻譯技巧]far too many譯為“太多的(比實(shí)際需要)”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應(yīng)譯為“以簡單機(jī)械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。

    16.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

    [句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有省略現(xiàn)象。traveling不是現(xiàn)在分詞,而是引導(dǎo)修飾someone的定語從句。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語+be動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),這樣顯得句子簡潔。

    [句子翻譯]獨(dú)自旅行時(shí),如果沒有了食物,受傷了或者生病了,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。

    [翻譯技巧]直譯的話,應(yīng)該說人們“沒有其他地方,只有……”可得到幫助,但這樣寫的話顯得冗長而且費(fèi)解,這里根據(jù)句意,譯為“只能向……求助”就比較準(zhǔn)確了。“turn”的用法比較靈活,意思很多,這里依據(jù)上下文,譯為“向……求助”。< TOP >

    17.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

    [句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]實(shí)際是簡單句。此句句子雖長,但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,可以從冒號開始分為兩個(gè)部分。理解的時(shí)候要有意識地把兩部分分開,個(gè)個(gè)擊破。in which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動(dòng)詞是is而不是are,是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)從句中主語是use,而不是substances,這一點(diǎn)要注意分辨。

    [句子翻譯] 在我們生活的社會(huì)里,物質(zhì)(藥品)被廣泛地運(yùn)用于社交和醫(yī)療:服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼,喝酒來應(yīng)酬,早晨和咖啡來提神,吸煙鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。

    [翻譯技巧]該句冒號以后的內(nèi)容寫得很輕巧,很有文學(xué)性,我們翻譯的時(shí)候也不要強(qiáng)求字字照應(yīng),而應(yīng)該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思,而是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。

    18.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

    [句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句和省略。with引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,修飾的是整個(gè)第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語動(dòng)詞marked ,所以要注意其實(shí)該分句并不隸屬于第一分句,而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。

    [句子翻譯] 依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強(qiáng),用量越來越大才能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果,一旦停用就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。

    [翻譯技巧]有些同學(xué)遇上伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)就不知道如何翻譯了,其實(shí)只要按照原來的語序順次翻譯就是。

    19.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

    [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]該句沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu),而是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成。用would是因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。

    [句子翻譯] 但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對可能招致大眾反對的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標(biāo)識的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

    [翻譯技巧]雖然沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu),但是由于句子太長,有眾多的修飾成分,所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。

    20.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.

    [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語從句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對全句的補(bǔ)充說明,是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising,是因?yàn)檫@里需要一個(gè)名次性的結(jié)構(gòu)the inflation which was,這樣顯得簡潔得多。

    [句子翻譯]七大工業(yè)國家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年來最低水平,今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%,比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。

    [翻譯技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。

    21.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.

    [句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …

    [語法難點(diǎn)]主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have been…是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家長時(shí)間以來關(guān)注,現(xiàn)在也在關(guān)注,是一個(gè)從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語從句。

    [句子翻譯] 特別讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家感到詫異的是,英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結(jié)果,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的分析方法表明,兩國尤其是美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。

    [翻譯技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜歡的”,與個(gè)人取向沒有關(guān)系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。

    22.Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is

    something the world does not have.

    [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有套合從句。本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句很簡單,而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中,又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這個(gè)從句中,主語an agreed account of human rights由一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的飛行定性定語從句修飾,而這個(gè)非限定性定語從句中又有一個(gè)限定性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。

    [句子翻譯] 事實(shí)并非如此,因?yàn)檫@種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識為基礎(chǔ)的,而這種共同認(rèn)識并不存在。

    [翻譯技巧]agree為“約定的”意思,agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”,意譯為“共同的認(rèn)識”。可見翻譯中一定要結(jié)合漢語的語言習(xí)慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權(quán)記錄”。此外,將不定代詞具體化,也更符合漢語習(xí)慣。

    23.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

    [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]該句仍為主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補(bǔ)充語的角色。

    [句子翻譯] 有些哲學(xué)家論證說,權(quán)利只存在社會(huì)契約中,是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。

    [翻譯技巧]要正確選擇contract的詞義,不要譯成從此“收縮,縮小”。argue不要譯成“爭論”,而要靈活處理成“論證說”。

    24.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

    [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句和省略。冒號把句子分成兩部分,后一部分對前面部分作進(jìn)一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡單句。后面部分是復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,主語是animals,謂語是should be treated,either… or…引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)介詞短語作狀語,either引導(dǎo)的介詞短語中,humans extend to other humans是一個(gè)省略引導(dǎo)詞that的定語從句。

    [句子翻譯] 這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端,它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對待動(dòng)物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒,要么完全冷漠無情。

    [翻譯技巧]it 的所指要明確。leads the discussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個(gè)極端”,at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動(dòng)句譯為主動(dòng)句,更合乎漢語習(xí)慣。

    25.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

    [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…

    [語法難點(diǎn)]有套和從句。逗號前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語,作狀語,里面又有一個(gè)that從句作the view的同位語,逗號后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語從句。

    [句子翻譯] 這類人持極端看法,認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同,對待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。

    [翻譯技巧]in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”,不要把respect 譯成“尊重”;extremists為極端主義者;let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi),不關(guān)乎道德”。

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