考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句
考研英語(yǔ)難，難在何處？難在句子太長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)太復(fù)雜。其實(shí)，萬變不離其宗，總有章法可循。
第一部分 長(zhǎng)難句基本句型
近幾年，考研英語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)了很多長(zhǎng)難句。長(zhǎng)難句的形成主要通過以下四種方式：復(fù)合從句、成分省略、使用插入語(yǔ)和改變句序。這四種方式往往可以相互結(jié)合，從而形成更長(zhǎng)的難句。雖然形成長(zhǎng)難句之方法有四，但是目的卻只有一個(gè)，就是打斷和打亂考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維習(xí)慣，從而達(dá)到考察考生閱讀能力和翻譯能力的目標(biāo)。
一、復(fù)合從句
復(fù)合從句中的從句最常見的是定語(yǔ)從句。復(fù)合從句可分為簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合從句和復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句。本文將分詞作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)也歸入從句范疇，當(dāng)作一種更為靈活的從句形式。
（一）簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合從句
簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合從句可以分為套用從句和并列從句兩種。套用從句，其實(shí)是最簡(jiǎn)單的長(zhǎng)難句。這類句子就像一根鎖鏈，只要抓住句子的各個(gè)連接點(diǎn)，理出句子層次，就完全可以把握住。
在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，“這（些/個(gè)）”常用來作為拆分句子的必用手段。閱讀時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句一般可以跳過，實(shí)在不放心可以略讀。一般情況下，考研通常不會(huì)在這種從句中有出題點(diǎn)。
并列從句大致有四種情況：并列從句修飾主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。也就是說并列從句一般作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。其實(shí)，并列從句和并列短語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法功能上完全相同，只不過并列從句一般較長(zhǎng)，會(huì)使考生在閱讀中漸忘句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
并列從句修飾主語(yǔ)，就是說并列從句作狀語(yǔ)。這種句子很簡(jiǎn)單。翻譯時(shí)，可以直譯，把從句作定語(yǔ)，直接放在主語(yǔ)前面。如果從句很長(zhǎng)，可以使用復(fù)指代詞。另外，翻譯從句先行詞時(shí)，要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換，比如hope/ suggest之類的詞有名動(dòng)兩種譯法?？忌屑删杏谠~性。
并列從句修飾謂語(yǔ)就是說這些從句作狀語(yǔ)。一般情況下，這些從句都不完整，多為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過去分詞短語(yǔ)。事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)或者定語(yǔ)，都可以看作是從句的一種更加靈活的表達(dá)方式。
并列從句修飾賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)有兩種，一種是單純賓語(yǔ)，另一種是介賓結(jié)構(gòu)中的準(zhǔn)賓語(yǔ)。單純賓語(yǔ)指在句中作賓語(yǔ)成分；準(zhǔn)賓語(yǔ)指在介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)。
并列從句修飾單純賓語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰，閱讀難度不大，但翻譯有些難度。并列從句修飾準(zhǔn)賓語(yǔ)的就比較難了。因?yàn)楹竺嬗泻荛L(zhǎng)的介詞短語(yǔ)會(huì)使考生在閱讀中忘記句子前面的意思。（二）復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句
復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句，就是說這些句子不是單純的復(fù)合從句。復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句主要是因?yàn)榫渥又谐霈F(xiàn)省略，插入和倒裝等形式，從而加大了句子的難度。這也是考研英語(yǔ)為了加大難度常用的方式。在復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句中出現(xiàn)的省略一般主要是語(yǔ)法省略，語(yǔ)用省略一般很少。出現(xiàn)插入語(yǔ)，其實(shí)是指這些詞或短語(yǔ)的插入，使句子語(yǔ)法成分的聯(lián)系打斷，句子的整體性受到?jīng)_擊，從而影響了句子的理解。復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句中出現(xiàn)的插入語(yǔ)一般都是分詞形式或者介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時(shí)，一般多可以翻為狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以翻為定語(yǔ)。出現(xiàn)倒裝時(shí)，越短的句子越難。因?yàn)榭梢詤⒖嫉男畔⒑苌佟＿@種句子可以先把從句和先行詞用一個(gè)代詞替換，然后進(jìn)行語(yǔ)序恢復(fù)。
背誦例句：
1．Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
譯文：許多專家認(rèn)為：如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大，而這些刺激物能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力，那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有得到更好的智力發(fā)展。
2．How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
譯文：這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上會(huì)被后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能。
3．Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.
譯文：部隊(duì)突然開了火，打死四人，還有一人受傷。后來此人也因傷勢(shì)過重死去。
4．The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.
譯文：那個(gè)權(quán)力無上、財(cái)富無竭的國(guó)王，只有通過修筑長(zhǎng)城來減輕自己對(duì)權(quán)力的厭倦和對(duì)歡樂的麻木。
5．Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral standard.
我們希望富有創(chuàng)造性地生活在我們繼承的這個(gè)世界中，這種希望存在于我們重新建立道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能力之中。
6．To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
在我們看來，成功者不管作為個(gè)人還是社會(huì)的一份子，他的真實(shí)表現(xiàn)都是可靠、靈敏、和真誠(chéng)。
二、成分省略
語(yǔ)言有個(gè)節(jié)省性原則。成分省略，主要是為了避免重復(fù)。一般的成分省略多為主語(yǔ)省略和謂語(yǔ)省略。這種省略屬于語(yǔ)法省略。但考研中一般是語(yǔ)用省略，也就是說是為了某中具體的表達(dá)目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子變得富有變化和難于把握。但省略句也有一些出現(xiàn)頻率很高，因此需要熟記。
背誦例句：
It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
譯文：即使我們適應(yīng)了打電話這種看不見對(duì)方的交談方式，這種看不見也觸摸不到對(duì)方的對(duì)話還是讓人感到很不自在。
To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
譯文：對(duì)美國(guó)人來說，個(gè)人的自立就是指這個(gè)人在集體中完全獨(dú)立并且又能發(fā)揮作用。他有能力而且也愿意在做出自己的選擇。
In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death.
譯文：女人們從心底認(rèn)為：掙錢是男人的事情，女人只管話花錢——可能的話丈夫在世時(shí)就花；不行的話，那就在丈夫去世后再花。
4．I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.
譯文：我可以接受這個(gè)事實(shí)，因?yàn)槲颐靼兹绻叶疾荒鼙苊獬鲥e(cuò)，那么其他的外科大夫出錯(cuò)也就難免了。
5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have.
譯文：憑借堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志，人類能夠移山填海。而事實(shí)上人類已經(jīng)做到。
6．The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.
譯文：戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于結(jié)束，但卻是在千萬人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生之后才結(jié)束。
三、使用插入語(yǔ)
插入語(yǔ)，是因?yàn)榉至蚜司渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)而得名的，所以，這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)主要是從語(yǔ)法功能角度出發(fā)提出的，對(duì)語(yǔ)法形式?jīng)]有多大考慮。插入語(yǔ)一般是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或者介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。使用插入語(yǔ)主要是為了調(diào)整語(yǔ)氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息，并且更主要目的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕。插入語(yǔ)是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”這種格式，閱讀問題不大，翻譯時(shí)要提到句首。插入語(yǔ)是介賓結(jié)構(gòu)也是如此處理。定語(yǔ)從句和分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果是插在主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間也可以看作是插入語(yǔ)?？佳蟹g中出現(xiàn)最多的插入語(yǔ)是用破折號(hào)插入的新話題或者補(bǔ)充信息。這種插入標(biāo)志很明顯，只是翻譯處理會(huì)有些棘手。另外，因?yàn)橐恍┚渥映煞郑ㄒ话闶嵌ㄕZ(yǔ)）過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置，也可看作是插入現(xiàn)象。只不過這種插入只是句子原有成分間的位子變化，沒有新增成分。
背誦例句：
1．Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
譯文：他們說，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于諸如改進(jìn)的技術(shù) 和工具等更為普通的東西。
Those，unaware of what is happening in society today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.
譯文：那些人不了解當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，所以發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的哲學(xué)家很少研究死亡和幸福之類的東西時(shí)會(huì)感到奇怪。
3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
譯文：大多數(shù)專家都從中看到一種矛盾，即從眾的欲望和試圖與眾不同的欲望之間的綿延不斷的沖突。.
4．Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized.
譯文：即使善于驅(qū)使別人去為自己打仗，并且告訴他們?cè)鯓哟虿抛钣行?span lang="EN-US">——這畢竟是征服者和將軍們干過的事——也不能稱其為文明行為。
5．Demonstrations are being staged in the town. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.
譯文：這個(gè)城市不斷發(fā)生示威游行，而且這種反對(duì)在河邊建造核廢料儲(chǔ)存廠的呼聲日高漲。
四、改變語(yǔ)序
改變語(yǔ)序，一般指倒裝。倒裝分為語(yǔ)法倒裝和修辭倒裝。考研難點(diǎn)一般在修辭倒裝。修辭倒裝主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的表達(dá)重心，一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣，比如命令語(yǔ)氣，假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣（虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝屬于此類）疑問語(yǔ)氣和否定語(yǔ)氣。這些倒裝常和一些連詞或者副詞（如nor/so/only/never/until等）密切相關(guān)。下文所舉例子基本是從這個(gè)角度出發(fā)選擇出來的。
背誦例句：
1．So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.
譯文：那男孩對(duì)這本書如此著迷，以至于他的母親不得不總強(qiáng)迫他停下。
2．Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
譯文：除非研究提供證據(jù)表明這個(gè)節(jié)目有不良影響，否則電視節(jié)目的播放政策不會(huì)改變。
3．Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.
譯文：離婚后，他每月只能看兒子一次。這使他感到孤獨(dú)。
4．Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.
譯文：科學(xué)家們迄今未能確定這種病毒破壞免疫系統(tǒng)的機(jī)理，他們也不明白旨在破壞這種病毒的天然抗體為什么無效。
5．And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.
譯文：過去人們從來沒有這么堅(jiān)信各國(guó)互利的國(guó)際合作機(jī)構(gòu)是全球不可或缺的要素。
6．The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.
譯文：假若當(dāng)時(shí)立即恢復(fù)了和平，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在物質(zhì)方面的破壞無論怎樣大，到一也能夠得到修復(fù)了。
7．He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them.
譯文：他寫小說時(shí)剛剛構(gòu)思出劇情輪廓就趕緊邀請(qǐng)一群朋友到野外，然后把劇情梗概大聲地念給他們聽。
第二部分 歷年考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句分析
英語(yǔ)考研試卷中，閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分，占到了全卷分?jǐn)?shù)的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說，把這兩部分做好，在英語(yǔ)考試中取得理想的成績(jī)便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢？關(guān)鍵要通過大量的練習(xí)，增強(qiáng)閱讀英文句子，尤其是其中長(zhǎng)難句的能力。長(zhǎng)難句一般是指結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以理解的句子，也有一些其實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，但因?yàn)榫渥雍荛L(zhǎng)也很容易讓人困惑。長(zhǎng)難句出現(xiàn)不多，但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度，成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”。下面就近八年來（2003年除外）考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句都列出來，分析它們的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出其中的考查難點(diǎn)，并對(duì)如何恰當(dāng)翻譯它們給出建議，希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。2003年試卷中的長(zhǎng)難句，
這里就不分析了，留給大家?？紩r(shí)候自己分析，同時(shí)檢驗(yàn)自己學(xué)習(xí)分析長(zhǎng)難句的成果。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …
shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
本句是典型的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，難點(diǎn)在其主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)是（which was）representing… ，另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。
可見，定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
[句子翻譯]
對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
[翻譯技巧]
實(shí)際上定語(yǔ)從句并不符合漢語(yǔ)的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時(shí)遇上定語(yǔ)從句，一定不要機(jī)械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長(zhǎng)的情況，把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個(gè)階層”開始另起一句。
2．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[句子主干] Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
1）有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)，分句由who…,and who…兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語(yǔ)而是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，真正的主句謂語(yǔ)是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名詞）”。
2）that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指紅利，that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的，that of sth相當(dāng)于which is結(jié)構(gòu)，目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending…是省略了which were的定語(yǔ)從句，把of sth結(jié)構(gòu)和定語(yǔ)從句交替使用是英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)難句的慣用手法，目的是避免行文的單調(diào)，考生朋友們要注意分辨。
[句子翻譯]
像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了，大批隱退的享樂階層人士靠自己的收入，在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系，只是分取紅利，偶爾參加股東會(huì)議，對(duì)管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令。
[翻譯技巧]
同樣是為了避開定語(yǔ)從句，將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)的理解。
retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to與……有關(guān)系/up to 達(dá)到……的規(guī)模
3．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
[句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。
1）like…分句是省略了who 的主語(yǔ)從句中的分句，considering…分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般來說較長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)從句置于句尾，較短的置于句首，為的是使句子看上去顯得簡(jiǎn)潔一些。
2）like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略，補(bǔ)全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英語(yǔ)中的從句之所以是難點(diǎn)就是因?yàn)榇罅康厥÷砸龑?dǎo)詞。
[句子翻譯]
羅博特·富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道，機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍，像詩(shī)人對(duì)待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣，把它們作為自己的思路展示，每一個(gè)新組合都傳送一個(gè)新概念。
[翻譯技巧]
如果嚴(yán)格地翻譯，like分句應(yīng)該譯為“像對(duì)待字母表中字母的詩(shī)人一樣”，原因是這個(gè)從句修飾的是機(jī)械工，應(yīng)該用詩(shī)人來對(duì)應(yīng)，但這樣一來，就不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣了。
4．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
[句子主干]
Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
主語(yǔ)是some of these causes，實(shí)際的主語(yǔ)就是some，不過謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to…是定語(yǔ)從句的分句結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“屬于”。
[句子翻譯]
在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會(huì)需求，另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。
[翻譯技巧]
這個(gè)翻譯比較簡(jiǎn)單，注意being to的翻譯即可。
5．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
[句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
1）有套和從句。這個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)一定要注意找出句子的主干，關(guān)鍵是確定句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，只有這樣才不會(huì)被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。
2）When引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾conclusion的定語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語(yǔ)從句，wants前省略了which，是引導(dǎo)的修飾a government的主語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府下了結(jié)論，認(rèn)為：政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。
[翻譯技巧]此句中短語(yǔ)較多。
come to the conclusion形成某種結(jié)論/make of提出/in detail詳細(xì)地
6．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]注意not…but句型，意為“不是……而是……”
[句子翻譯]
給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持，看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。
[翻譯技巧]
嚴(yán)格說來，not…but結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)譯為“不是……而是……”，但這樣就顯得羅嗦，所以譯為“與……無關(guān)”，但（另一些有關(guān)）。a amount of指“數(shù)量達(dá)到……”。be related to指“與……有關(guān)”。
7．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
[句子主干]
However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
so made指“如此構(gòu)成”，so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“如此……以至于……”。
be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。
[句子翻譯]
然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。
[翻譯技巧]
be so made that意為“如…構(gòu)成”，不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，所以譯為“就是如此”。
in principle 總的說來/deal with應(yīng)付……
8．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
[句子主干]
New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句。
1)主語(yǔ)較為復(fù)雜，為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別是new forms和new subjects，中間用as well as連接。
2）as在這里引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)（as they have in the past），have的賓語(yǔ)省略了，其內(nèi)容與本句主語(yǔ)一致。
3)giving rise to…分句為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的從句，省略了which are。
[句子翻譯]
同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
[翻譯技巧]as well as 和，以及/give rise to給……以機(jī)會(huì)
9．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
[句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
插入成分很多。此句實(shí)際上是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，其核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means…，只不過添加了諸多限制結(jié)構(gòu)使句子看起來很復(fù)雜。”For Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語(yǔ)成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語(yǔ)。
[句子翻譯]
對(duì)于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達(dá)爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來說，這個(gè)法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去，而無須終日擔(dān)心將要來臨的折磨：因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。
[翻譯技巧]
同位語(yǔ)從句在漢語(yǔ)中很少出現(xiàn)，對(duì)同位語(yǔ)從句的處理就把它當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)從句即可。如此句中就將同位語(yǔ)成分作為前置狀語(yǔ)成分的主語(yǔ)的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”，表示非?？謶?。
10．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
[句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略現(xiàn)象。traveling不是現(xiàn)在分詞，而是引導(dǎo)修飾someone的定語(yǔ)從句。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語(yǔ)＋be動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣顯得句子簡(jiǎn)潔。
[句子翻譯]
獨(dú)自旅行時(shí)，如果沒有了食物，受傷了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
[翻譯技巧]
直譯的話，應(yīng)該說人們“沒有其他地方，只有……”可得到幫助，但這樣寫的話顯得冗長(zhǎng)而且費(fèi)解，這里根據(jù)句意，譯為“只能向……求助”就比較準(zhǔn)確了。“turn”的用法比較靈活，意思很多，這里依據(jù)上下文，譯為“向……求助”。
11．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
實(shí)際是簡(jiǎn)單句。此句句子雖長(zhǎng)，但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，可以從冒號(hào)開始分為兩個(gè)部分。理解的時(shí)候要有意識(shí)地把兩部分分開，個(gè)個(gè)擊破。
in which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。該從句的分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is而不是are，是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)從句中主語(yǔ)是use，而不是substances，這一點(diǎn)要注意分辨。
[句子翻譯]
在我們生活的社會(huì)里，物質(zhì)（藥品）被廣泛地運(yùn)用于社交和醫(yī)療：服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼，喝酒來應(yīng)酬，早晨和咖啡來提神，吸煙鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。
[翻譯技巧]
該句冒號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容寫得很輕巧，很有文學(xué)性，我們翻譯的時(shí)候也不要強(qiáng)求字字照應(yīng)，而應(yīng)該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思，而是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。
12．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有并列從句和省略。With引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾的是整個(gè)第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞marked ，所以要注意其實(shí)該分句并不隸屬于第一分句，而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。
[句子翻譯]
依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強(qiáng)，用量越來越大才能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果，一旦停用就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。
[翻譯技巧]
有些同學(xué)遇上伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)就不知道如何翻譯了，其實(shí)只要按照原來的語(yǔ)序順次翻譯就是。
13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
[句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
該句沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu)，而是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成。用would是因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。
[句子翻譯]
但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對(duì)可能招致大眾反對(duì)的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
[翻譯技巧]
雖然沒有從句結(jié)構(gòu)，但是由于句子太長(zhǎng)，有眾多的修飾成分，所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。
14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
[句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。
close to分句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對(duì)全句的補(bǔ)充說明，是狀語(yǔ)成分。狀語(yǔ)成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising，是因?yàn)檫@里需要一個(gè)名次性的結(jié)構(gòu)the inflation which was，
這樣顯得簡(jiǎn)潔得多。
[句子翻譯]
七大工業(yè)國(guó)家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年來最低水平，今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%，比許多國(guó)家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。
[翻譯技巧]
the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國(guó)。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
[句子主干] Economists have been…
surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have been…是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以來關(guān)注，現(xiàn)在也在關(guān)注，是一個(gè)從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
特別讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家感到詫異的是，英美兩國(guó)的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結(jié)果，因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的分析方法表明，兩國(guó)尤其是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。
[翻譯技巧]
favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜歡的”，與個(gè)人取向沒有關(guān)系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。
16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have.
[句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套合從句。本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句很簡(jiǎn)單，而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句中，主語(yǔ)an agreed account of human rights由一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的飛行定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾，而這個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)限定性定語(yǔ)從句the world does not have來修飾something。
[句子翻譯]
事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。
[翻譯技巧]
agree為“約定的”意思，agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”，意譯為“共同的認(rèn)識(shí)”?？梢姺g中一定要結(jié)合漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權(quán)記錄”。此外，將不定代詞具體化，也更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
[句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
該句仍為主從復(fù)合句That引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)的角色。
[句子翻譯] 有些哲學(xué)家論證說，權(quán)利只存在社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。
[翻譯技巧]
要正確選擇contract的詞義，不要譯成從此“收縮，縮小”Argue不要譯成“爭(zhēng)論”，而要靈活處理成“論證說”。
18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
[句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有并列從句和省略。冒號(hào)把句子分成兩部分，后一部分對(duì)前面部分作進(jìn)一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡(jiǎn)單句。后面部分是復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，主語(yǔ)是animals，謂語(yǔ)是should be treated，either… or…引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，either引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)中，humans extend to other humans是一個(gè)省略引導(dǎo)詞that的定語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。
[翻譯技巧]
it 的所指要明確。leads thediscussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個(gè)極端”，at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動(dòng)句譯為主動(dòng)句，更合乎漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
19．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
[句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。逗號(hào)前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，作狀語(yǔ)，里面又有一個(gè)that從句作the view的同位語(yǔ)，逗號(hào)后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無須考慮道德問題。
[翻譯技巧]
in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”，不要把respect 譯成“尊重”；extremists為極端主義者；let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi)，不關(guān)乎道德”。
20．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
[句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
以冒號(hào)為界，將全句分成兩個(gè)復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see…的情形的出現(xiàn)。That修飾這種行為，主句表明這種行為并不錯(cuò)。冒號(hào)后面的復(fù)合句解釋為什么。這里有一個(gè)that從句，作instinct的定語(yǔ)。
[句子翻譯]
這種反應(yīng)并不錯(cuò)，這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。
[翻譯技巧]
將that，it等代詞具體化，使譯文表達(dá)明確；reasoning不能譯成“原因”，而應(yīng)譯為“推理，推論”；in action不能譯成“在行動(dòng)中”，而譯成“在起作用”，action在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻譯被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使譯文流暢自然。
21．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
[句子主干]
The Aswan Dam, … stopped the Nile flooding…but…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語(yǔ)。for example是個(gè)插入結(jié)構(gòu)，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…結(jié)構(gòu)，是“如此……以至于”的意思。
[句子翻譯]
以阿斯旺大壩為例，它擋住了尼羅河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤，換回來的卻是一個(gè)病態(tài)的大水庫(kù)?，F(xiàn)在水庫(kù)積滿泥沙，幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。
[翻譯技巧]the Nile是尼羅河。All in return意思是“換回來的全部則是”。
22．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
[句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。the trouble is that…是表語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)。后一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
問題在于，近期的增長(zhǎng)一定程度上是因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)運(yùn)作周期漲落的結(jié)果，因此還不能得出經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢(shì)這一結(jié)論。
[翻譯技巧]
part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業(yè)周期”。
23．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
[句子主干]
New ways of … workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語(yǔ)。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu)，可以視為括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時(shí)候基本可以跳過不看，除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
組織工作場(chǎng)所的新方法——包括機(jī)構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)模——只是促進(jìn)某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項(xiàng)措施，還有其他許多因素促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)率的提高，比如對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對(duì)教育培訓(xùn)投資等。
[翻譯技巧]
all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產(chǎn)力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯(lián)合投資”。Drive譯為“驅(qū)動(dòng)”。
24．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
[句子主干] His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現(xiàn)在分詞giving。
[句子翻譯]
他的同時(shí)邁克爾·比爾說，為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)重組，降低了成本，但卻未能充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利。
[翻譯技巧]
far too many譯為“太多的（比實(shí)際需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應(yīng)譯為“以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。
25. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University
[句子主干] As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked…, notably…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。as引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語(yǔ)成分。as表“因?yàn)?span lang="EN-US">”時(shí)只能放在句首。by后面的成分是舉例列舉的成分，和句子主題沒有什么聯(lián)系。閱讀的時(shí)候不妨跳過去，后面如果問到的話再回頭看不遲。
[句子翻譯]
由于科研經(jīng)費(fèi)減少，科學(xué)家推出幾本書來抨擊“反科學(xué)”傾向。其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亞大學(xué)生物學(xué)家保羅·R·格羅斯與拉特格斯大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)家諾曼·萊維特合寫的《高級(jí)迷信》以及康奈爾大學(xué)的卡爾·薩根寫的《鬼怪世界》
[翻譯技巧]
antiscience意思是“反科學(xué)”。Higher Superstition譯為“高級(jí)迷信”。attack是“攻擊”的意思。
26.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.
[句子主干]Defenders of science have also voiced…, and…, which assembled last June…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。held in New York City in 1995是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，省略了which was，修飾的是前面的the flight from science。
[句子翻譯]
科學(xué)捍衛(wèi)者還通過各種會(huì)議上表達(dá)了他們的憂慮，比如1995年在紐約舉行的“飛離科學(xué)與理性”大會(huì)，去年6月在布法羅附近召開的“信息（迷信）時(shí)代的科學(xué)”大會(huì)等。
[翻譯技巧]
defenders of science譯為“科學(xué)的捍衛(wèi)者”。the flight from science and reason譯為“飛離科學(xué)和理性”。reason譯為“理性”。
27.This development and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
[句子主干] This development…h(huán)as enthroned the South …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。ahead是補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。有一系列詞如ahead，alive，alone都只能作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)而不能作定語(yǔ)。實(shí)際上在ahead前面加上which were的話，ahead就成了表語(yǔ)，句子意義則沒有任何變化。
[句子翻譯]
這一發(fā)展趨勢(shì)及其對(duì)今后美國(guó)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的重大影響使得南方首次成了美國(guó)人口普查史上人口最密集的地區(qū)。
[翻譯技巧]
strong implications譯為“重大影響”。For the first time in the history指“歷史上第一次”。head counting譯為“人口普查”。
28.Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.。
[句子主干]Unlike…, they are not always found…that make up…; on the contrary, many of them…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
unlike…分句是狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾的是they（the world’s volcanoes）。該句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)并不復(fù)雜，因?yàn)?span lang="EN-US">on the contrary將句子分成清晰獨(dú)立的兩個(gè)部分。講一個(gè)閱讀時(shí)的小技巧，在看到on the contrary這樣表明邏輯順序的連詞時(shí)，就可以在閱讀時(shí)有所取舍。像on the contrary，必然強(qiáng)調(diào)的是后面的部分，所以之前的部分可以不看。
[句子翻譯]
與大多數(shù)火山不同的是，它們都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板塊的連接處，許多反倒藏在板塊的深處。
[翻譯技巧]
most of譯為“大多數(shù)”；drifting plate譯為“大陸板塊”；make up指“組成”。
29．But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look sin to the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
[句子主干] But even more important, it was…h(huán)ad been able to…, for what they were seeing were…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。該句的總體結(jié)構(gòu)是“主句＋for＋原因狀語(yǔ)從句”。主句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容是the farthest。在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，“what they were seeing”是從句的主語(yǔ)，“that existed 15 billion years ago”為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的“the patterns and structures”。
[句子翻譯]
但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?span lang="EN-US">150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。
[翻譯技巧]
pattern應(yīng)當(dāng)譯為“形狀，形態(tài)”，而不能譯為“模式，方式，圖案”。合理利用增字法，使譯文更加流暢。
30．The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
[句子主干] The existence…was…required for the Big Bang…to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語(yǔ)。該句結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，不過由于中間插入了一個(gè)過去分詞短語(yǔ)first put forward in the 1920s，修飾“Big Bang”，致使結(jié)構(gòu)難辨。
[句子翻譯]
巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所必不可少的。
[翻譯技巧]
該句翻譯的難點(diǎn)在詞匯。was required for 應(yīng)該譯為“所必須的”，而不該譯成“是……的前提”。“virtually”應(yīng)該譯為“實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上，實(shí)質(zhì)上”。Big Bang是“大爆炸”的意思，指的是關(guān)于宇宙形成的一種學(xué)說?？梢娙绻狈ο鄳?yīng)的知識(shí)背景，要準(zhǔn)確地翻譯就會(huì)比較困難。
31. Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
[句子主干]Astrophysicists…are closing in on such structures. And may report…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有并列從句。本句為and引導(dǎo)的并列句，兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)分別是“are closing in on such structures”和“may report their findings soon”，它們的主語(yǔ)Astrophysicists后面有一個(gè)由分詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄕZ(yǔ)“working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments”。
[句子翻譯]
天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器及球載儀器，正越來越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。
[翻譯技巧]
本句翻譯的難點(diǎn)在于詞匯的正確理解和表達(dá)，“ground-based detectors”應(yīng)該理解成“架設(shè)在地面上的探測(cè)儀”，“balloon-borne instruments”則意為“用氣球運(yùn)載的儀器”，“are closing in on”原意為“從四面八方包圍上來，籠罩”，應(yīng)該譯為“正越來越近地，越來越接近”，不應(yīng)該譯為“密切注意，密切關(guān)注”，特別值得強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“structures”不要翻譯成“結(jié)構(gòu)”，而要結(jié)合上下文譯成“云系，團(tuán)狀物質(zhì)”。32．If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
[句子主干]If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be…, a refinement of the …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。該句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，總體輪廓是“If+條件從句+主句”。在主句中，“a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory”是“yet another scientific idea”的同位語(yǔ)，其中“called the inflationary universe theory”是過去分詞短語(yǔ)，作“a refinement of the Big Bang”的定語(yǔ)。
[句子翻譯]
假如那些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致，那就意味著又一科學(xué)論說的勝利，這種論說即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說。
[翻譯技巧]
正確處理同位語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)是翻譯題中的難點(diǎn)之一。這主要是如何安排語(yǔ)序才更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的問題。一般來說，若同位語(yǔ)成分較短，直接在插入位置翻譯即可。對(duì)于較長(zhǎng)的同位語(yǔ)成分，一般應(yīng)該處理成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句。refinement應(yīng)該譯成“提煉，改進(jìn)”，不要譯成“修正，精華，最新理論”等等。the inflationary universe theory應(yīng)該譯成“宇宙膨脹理論”，不能譯成“宇宙流動(dòng)理論”云云。
33．Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
[句子主干]Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is…, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有倒裝。該句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句＋主句”，其中，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句又用了倒裝形式，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是though it sounds odd，主句是由and 連接的兩個(gè)并列分句。
[句子翻譯]
宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來一直認(rèn)為這一論說是正確的。
[翻譯技巧]
從句中的it指代的是主句的主語(yǔ)cosmic inflation，按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，應(yīng)在從句中先譯出來。而且漢語(yǔ)中盡量避免像英語(yǔ)中那么頻繁地使用人稱代詞。一般說來，將它所替代的實(shí)際內(nèi)容翻譯出來為好。本句中的兩個(gè)it均指宇宙膨脹理論。scientifically plausible consequence應(yīng)該譯為“在科學(xué)上令人信服的推論”，避免如下錯(cuò)誤譯法“自豪的結(jié)果，相應(yīng)的部分，稱道的結(jié)果”。for the better part of a decade= for more than half of a decade，實(shí)為“十年中的一大半”，故可譯為“七八年”。
34. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
[句子主干]
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary…and many are required by…, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有并列從句。該句的難點(diǎn)在于轉(zhuǎn)折狀語(yǔ)從句很長(zhǎng)，使主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)it isn’t clear that…較難發(fā)現(xiàn)。while分句是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的，第一個(gè)并列成分中間還插有由兩個(gè)破折號(hào)包住的插入成分，即“the dangers of drug interactions, for example”。
[句子翻譯]
雖然警示語(yǔ)通常是合理和必要的，如有關(guān)藥物可能產(chǎn)生副作用可能產(chǎn)生危害的警示語(yǔ)，而且許多警示語(yǔ)是州和聯(lián)邦法律要求的。但是，如果消費(fèi)者受到傷害，這些警示語(yǔ)能否使產(chǎn)銷商免于責(zé)任還很難說。
[翻譯技巧]
注意drug interactions應(yīng)該譯為“藥物的副作用”。require應(yīng)該譯為“要求”。由于句子已經(jīng)很長(zhǎng)，所以把主句和從句分開，用兩句話分別表達(dá)。
35. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "
[句子主干]
At the same time, the American Law Institute…issued new guidelines for tort law stating that…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
“at the same time”是狀語(yǔ)成分，破折號(hào)內(nèi)的成分是補(bǔ)充說明“the American Law Institute”，實(shí)際上如果沒有破折號(hào)，而用逗號(hào)分開就是句子的同位語(yǔ)成分。“tort law stating that…”這是賓語(yǔ)從句，后面的內(nèi)容是“tort law”的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
同時(shí)，美國(guó)法學(xué)會(huì)--該學(xué)會(huì)由一些舉足輕重的法官、律師和學(xué)者組成--宣布的新民事侵害法規(guī)定：公司沒有必要警告消費(fèi)者顯而易見的危險(xiǎn)，或者就可能產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)向他們提供一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的清單。
[翻譯技巧]“tort law”指“民事侵權(quán)法”，academics是指“學(xué)者”。
36．The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
[句子主干]
The examples of…show that …with the right mix of…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
本句為簡(jiǎn)單句，但包含了不少并列的列舉成分，閱讀的時(shí)候要注意適當(dāng)?shù)靥S。“with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will..”是狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾的是“a Website selling the right kind of products”,是對(duì)后者的補(bǔ)充說明。
[句子翻譯]
Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對(duì)路產(chǎn)品的網(wǎng)站，加上互相合作、禮貌周到、安全可靠這幾方面恰倒好處地結(jié)合起來，同樣地也能吸引顧客。
[翻譯技巧]
“with the right mix of”表示“把……好處結(jié)合起來”。“interactivity”“hospitality”“security”分別譯為“相互合作”，“熱情周到”，“安全可靠”。
37．But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education.
[句子主干]
But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for…until…, it was widely accepted that…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有并列從句。該句是典型的主從復(fù)合句。從句成分出現(xiàn)在until引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句和“widely accepted that…”后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
但是情況并不總是如此，在法律規(guī)定某個(gè)年齡的所有孩子必須在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)之前，人們普遍認(rèn)為有些孩子本性上是不適合接受這種教育的。
[翻譯技巧]
“this was not the case”是英語(yǔ)的常用用法，譯為“情況并非如此”。It was widely accepted that譯為“被普遍認(rèn)為”。“equipped by nature pursue”應(yīng)譯為“本性上不適于……”，不要譯為“不具有天生的品質(zhì)”，這樣才更順暢。
38. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement .
[句子主干]
Banking on the confusion between…and…for bringing…into…, computer-ed advocates often emphasize …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
“banking on the confusion between…”是主句的狀語(yǔ)成分，注意其中的“between…and…”結(jié)構(gòu)。“for bringing computers into schools”是表原因的狀語(yǔ)成分。
[句子翻譯]
一方面主張為普通教育而設(shè)立計(jì)算機(jī)課堂教學(xué)，另一方面是主張為職業(yè)的目的開展計(jì)算機(jī)教學(xué)，由于對(duì)以上兩種目的的混淆，計(jì)算機(jī)教育倡導(dǎo)者往往只強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)算機(jī)教育對(duì)就業(yè)前景的影響而忽視了教育成就。
[翻譯技巧]
“Banking on the confusion between…”如果直接譯為“教育目標(biāo)和職業(yè)目標(biāo)存在爭(zhēng)論”就顯得不清晰，應(yīng)該譯為“一方面……；另一方面……”。“computer-ed advocates”譯為“計(jì)算機(jī)教育倡導(dǎo)者”。
39．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton on President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
[句子主干]
Declaring that he was opposed to using this…to clone humans, he ordered that federal funes not be used for an xperiment…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。declaring that…分句是主句的伴隨成分，主句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)是he ordered that…，如果不注意分辨就會(huì)迷惑。“be opposed to do-ing sth”表示“禁止做……”，注意to后面是跟現(xiàn)在分詞，而不是原形，這表示這個(gè)to是介詞。破折號(hào)之內(nèi)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)“an experiment”的補(bǔ)充說明。“and asked…”是與“he order…”并列的成分，表示兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)作。
[句子翻譯]
他宣稱他反對(duì)利用這種不同尋常的畜牧業(yè)技術(shù)去克隆人，并下令禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金做這種實(shí)驗(yàn)，--盡管還沒有人提出要這樣做--他建議成立一個(gè)由普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈法羅夏皮羅領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立專家小組，在90天內(nèi)就克隆人的國(guó)家政策問題提出建議并向白宮匯報(bào)。
[翻譯技巧]
“federal funds”譯為“聯(lián)邦基金”。“an independent panel”譯為“獨(dú)立專家小組”。
40. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. "
[句子主干]
In a draft preface…, discussed…, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found…would be…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。該句是主從復(fù)合句，主句是“Shapiro suggested that…”,“discussed at the 17 May meeting”是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，用來修飾主句。
[句子翻譯]
在5月17日開會(huì)討論的建議序言草稿中夏皮羅表示專家們已經(jīng)取得廣泛的一直意見，認(rèn)為“試圖用成人細(xì)胞核去克隆嬰兒是違背道德的。”
[翻譯技巧]
“a drift preface”可譯為“序言草稿”。“broad consensus”譯為“大致上的一致”，不能譯為“寬闊的一致，廣闊的一致”。
41. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
[句子主干]
While…as there are historians , modern practice…conforms to one that sees…recreate and explain…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。該句是復(fù)合句。while引導(dǎo)的是狀語(yǔ)從句，在這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句中又含一個(gè)由as…引導(dǎo)的從句；第一個(gè)as是程度副詞，第二個(gè)as是連詞，引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾one，而one后的definition省略了。To create and explain都是不定式短語(yǔ)，用來修飾attempt。
[句子翻譯]
幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為，歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。
[翻譯技巧]
while在此句中相當(dāng)于although多放在句首。modern practice意為“現(xiàn)代實(shí)踐”，可引申為“現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐”。conform to是“符合于”的意思，轉(zhuǎn)譯成“趨向于……”。see…as…意為“把……看作……”。此外，recreate如譯為“再創(chuàng)造”，就與句子邏輯意思相反了，應(yīng)譯為“再現(xiàn)”。
42. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
[句子主干]
Interest in historical methods…through…challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discioline…more from.…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
本句是簡(jiǎn)單句。through引導(dǎo)的是轉(zhuǎn)折狀語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
[翻譯技巧]
翻譯時(shí)一定要注意適當(dāng)增詞或減詞。本句的主語(yǔ)interest in historical methods要根據(jù)上下文增詞，譯為“對(duì)歷史研究方法的興趣”，而不要譯為“對(duì)歷史方法的興趣”。英語(yǔ)interest是名詞“興趣”，可轉(zhuǎn)譯為“關(guān)注”。
43．During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
[句子主干]
During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional…to interpret the new forms of evidence…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。Designed to是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾methodologies。
[句子翻譯]
在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
[翻譯技巧]
句中augment作“充實(shí)、補(bǔ)充”解。Additional作“添加的，另外的”解。本句需要在準(zhǔn)確理解各個(gè)短語(yǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上，按句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯意思進(jìn)行漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)，應(yīng)作必要的詞義引申，增詞或減詞，以使譯文流暢順達(dá)。
44. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
[句子主干] There is no agreement whether…or…。
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。whether…or…引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是agreement的同位語(yǔ)。在這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句中，methodologies后面跟著兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)，即refers to…和appropriate to the …都是形容詞短語(yǔ)，分別修飾concepts和research techniques。
[句子翻譯]
所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。
[翻譯技巧]
在本句中technique是“方法、手段”的意思。inquiry意為“詢問、調(diào)查”。peculiar to historical work作“歷史研究中特別的”講，concept peculiar to historical work譯為“歷史研究中特有的概念”。
45．It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
[句子主干]
It applies…to…equate their activity with specific techniques…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞applies to帶有由and連接的兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)，即traditional historians和social science historians。在這兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)中，又分別有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，分別修飾各自的historians。
[句子翻譯]
這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
[翻譯技巧]
it指前面的fallacy，作“謬誤”解。Apply…to在這里是“涉及”、“和……有關(guān)系”的意思。equate…with…意為“把……和……等同”，activity在這里指“對(duì)歷史的研究”。equate their activity with specific techniques意為“將他們的研究活動(dòng)等同于具體方法的研究”。
46．The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.
[句子主干]
The grand mediocrity of today…means that natural selection has lost…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
該句是簡(jiǎn)單句。means that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，講的是means的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
當(dāng)今最大的共同點(diǎn)--每個(gè)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)和子女?dāng)?shù)量都相同--意味著，與部落相比，自然選擇已經(jīng)在印度中上階層失去80%的作用。
[翻譯技巧]
the grand mediocrity應(yīng)譯為“最大的共同點(diǎn)”；“natural selection”應(yīng)譯為“自然選擇”；upper-middle class應(yīng)譯為“中上階層”。
47．When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
[句子主干]
When a new movement …attains…, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at…h(huán)owever for fetched and …may seem today, it is possible that …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語(yǔ)從句。“What its advocates are aiming at”是賓語(yǔ)從句，說明的是“find out”的內(nèi)容。“however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today”是插入成分，是對(duì)原來的“...are aiming at ,for ,it is possible that…”的補(bǔ)充。閱讀的時(shí)候，可以先把這種插入成分跳過，讀完主句明確了該句的主要的意思后，再讀插入的成分。
[句子翻譯]
當(dāng)一種新的藝術(shù)傾向形成某種時(shí)尚時(shí)，可取的態(tài)度是弄清倡導(dǎo)者們的意圖何在，因?yàn)槠渲鲝堅(jiān)诮裉炜磥矶嗝礌繌?qiáng)附會(huì)、毫無道理，將來也有可能被認(rèn)為是正確的。
[翻譯技巧]
有插入成分。對(duì)于較長(zhǎng)的插入成分，可以放在句末，或者干脆另起一句。對(duì)于較短的插入成分，放在句中就完全可以了。還要注意一些詞匯的準(zhǔn)確理解。movement不可譯為“動(dòng)作，移動(dòng)”，應(yīng)該譯為“運(yùn)動(dòng)”。“It is advisable”應(yīng)譯為“……可取的”不要生硬地譯為“……是被認(rèn)為可以的”。
48．But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:` Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.'
[句子主干] But it is a little upsetting to…that…which…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
主句使用了強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，即“it is a little upsetting to … that a certain line…”這樣寫是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)上句“Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.”的反駁。which引導(dǎo)的仍然是定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是fight。此處的難點(diǎn)在于先行詞和從句距離很遠(yuǎn)，中間還有一個(gè)“between…and…”結(jié)構(gòu)“between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off”。
[句子翻譯]
但是，讀到描述戰(zhàn)斗的詩(shī)的某一句的注釋，則令人有點(diǎn)生厭。注釋中說該詩(shī)描寫了一個(gè)土耳其軍官和保加利亞軍官在一座橋上所發(fā)生的搏斗，后來兩人掉入河中。結(jié)果詩(shī)人把兩人落水的聲音和體重寫在了一起：撲！撲！一百八十五公斤！
[翻譯技巧]
“it is a little upsetting to … that a certain line…”是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，注意不要按照一般陳述句的語(yǔ)序翻譯成“有點(diǎn)令人厭煩對(duì)于有些注釋詞句”。因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)句式使用了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)以突出某一部分，我們翻譯的時(shí)候要還原成原來的順序。應(yīng)該譯為“讀到一句描寫戰(zhàn)斗的詩(shī)行的注釋，則令人有點(diǎn)生厭”。
49．Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
[句子主干]
Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw.., but now Japan has…, and young people don’t know…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
分析句子的主干我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該句雖然是主從復(fù)合句，但大結(jié)構(gòu)還是相當(dāng)清晰。全句以but為界分為兩個(gè)部分，對(duì)比講述了兩代日本人的不同心態(tài)。所以句子即使很長(zhǎng)，也不要慌，首先把句子結(jié)構(gòu)看清楚，然后就可以各個(gè)擊破。
[句子翻譯]
十年前，年輕人勤奮工作，把工作視為生存的主要目的。然而現(xiàn)在日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)需求已經(jīng)在很大程度上得到了滿足，結(jié)果年輕人不知道下一步該干什么。
[翻譯技巧]
“primary reason for being”應(yīng)該譯為“生存的主要目的”being這個(gè)詞一般意思是“存在”，要注意活用。“l(fā)argely fulfilled…”應(yīng)該譯為“很大程度上滿足了……”，“l(fā)arge”和“l(fā)argely”的意思有很大的不同，要注意分辨。
50．With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households.
[句子主干]
With economic growth has…;…live in cities where…h(huán)ave been…in favor of…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
with引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)是伴隨狀語(yǔ)成分，補(bǔ)充“fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities…”。“have been abandoned in favor of…”是一個(gè)選擇句式，表達(dá)的是“放棄……因?yàn)橐x擇……”的意思。
[句子翻譯]
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展實(shí)現(xiàn)了居住的集中化。一億一千九百萬日本人中，足有76%的人居住在城里。在城里，社區(qū)和大家庭已經(jīng)成為過去，取而代之的是獨(dú)門獨(dú)戶的兩代之家。
[翻譯技巧]
對(duì)于分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)，英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)和漢語(yǔ)正好相反。英語(yǔ)是先說分子再說分母，漢語(yǔ)則先說分母，再說分子，這一點(diǎn)在翻譯時(shí)必須注意，要有意識(shí)地加以轉(zhuǎn)換。“fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens”應(yīng)該譯為“一億一千九百萬日本人中，足有76％……”。
51．Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
[句子主干]
Instead, we are treated to…, which now more than ever seem in ample supply:…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
該句雖長(zhǎng)，但是冒號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容都是列舉的成分，主句在前面“we are treated to…”。“which now more than…”是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾的是前面的“fine hypocritical spectacles”。
[句子翻譯]
相反，我們現(xiàn)在看到了比以前任何時(shí)候都多的虛偽景觀：美國(guó)物欲主義批評(píng)家在南安普頓擁有避暑別墅；出版激進(jìn)書刊的出版商到三星級(jí)賓館就餐；鼓吹分享民主的新聞?dòng)浾甙炎约旱暮⒆铀瓦M(jìn)私立學(xué)校。
[翻譯技巧]
“treated to…, which now more than ever seem in ample supply:…”如果生硬地譯為“現(xiàn)在的虛偽景觀比以前任何時(shí)候都有更豐富地展現(xiàn)”就顯得羅嗦冗長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)該譯為“比以前任何時(shí)候都多的虛偽景觀” 。“american materialism”應(yīng)該譯為“美國(guó)物欲主義”。
52．Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
[句子主干]
…this requires various measures of centralized control and…the help of socialized scientists such as…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。該句的謂語(yǔ)是requires，注意varying measures中的varying不過是由動(dòng)詞變化而成的形容詞。such as后面是對(duì)specialized scientists的列舉。
[句子翻譯]
在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和運(yùn)籌學(xué)家等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。
[翻譯技巧]
本句比較簡(jiǎn)單。需要注意的是require由兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。第2個(gè)賓語(yǔ)是the help。在翻譯時(shí)需要加上“獲得”二字。measure在這里是“程度，幅度，纖度”的意思。varying measures可譯成“程度不同”。
53．Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
[句子主干]
it is obvious that…directly bound up with…in turn rests upon…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。It是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that后面的句子。兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，由and連接。
[句子翻譯]
再者，顯而易見的是，一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
[翻譯技巧]
be bound up with譯為“與……有關(guān)系”。in turn的意思是“轉(zhuǎn)而，反過來”。rest upon指“依靠，依賴”。this指的是前面提到的efficiency，翻譯的時(shí)候要注意重復(fù)一下。
54．Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
[句子主干]
people…are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas ,while governments are forced to introduce still further innovations for…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
“are being exposed to new customs”用的是正在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)用法，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)。
[句子翻譯]
由于大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展，所有的人都不斷感到有新的需求，并不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，各國(guó)政府不得不經(jīng)常采取更進(jìn)一步的革新措施。
[翻譯技巧]
owing to 可譯為“由于”，mass communications可翻為“大眾通信”。Be exposed to可譯為“接觸”。翻譯時(shí)可將owing to引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)去掉，將其后的賓語(yǔ)the remarkable development in mass communication譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)，在其后加上“使得”二字。while一詞表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”可省略不譯。
55．In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
[句子主干]
the process of industrialization…was spread over nearly a century, whereas… a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
“with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed”在這里時(shí)附加成分，that followed作all the far-reaching changes in social patterns的定語(yǔ)。
[句子翻譯]
在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家里，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在10年左右的時(shí)間內(nèi)就可以完成同樣的過程。
[翻譯技巧]
far-reaching表示“深遠(yuǎn)的、深刻的”。spread over 表示“驗(yàn)血、持續(xù)”。whereas表示“然而，卻”。with的意思時(shí)“跟……一起，伴隨”，這里譯成“以及”。
56. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
[句子主干]
Additional social stresses may also occur because of … of problem arising from…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。arising from…是定語(yǔ)從句，省略了which is。
[句子翻譯]
由于人口猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動(dòng)變得相對(duì)容易)所引起的各種問題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。
[翻譯技巧]
arising…from“由……引起”，在句中作定語(yǔ)修飾problem。Additional social stresses不必逐字翻譯，可轉(zhuǎn)譯成“對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力”。themselves指的是mass migration movement。因此括號(hào)里面譯成“使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易”。
57. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.
[句子主干]
…the word “amateur” does carry …that the person concerned is …and, in particular, may not …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語(yǔ)。does在這里沒有實(shí)體意義，而是表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，所以句子的真正謂語(yǔ)是carry。that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，說明的是carry的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
然而，“業(yè)余人員”一詞的確包含著這樣的意義：他并非科學(xué)界的一員，特別是，他不可能完全享用其實(shí)用價(jià)值。
[翻譯技巧]
does沒有實(shí)體意義，如果一定要譯，也可以譯為“確實(shí)，的確”，但應(yīng)該明確，does不是副詞，而是作為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊用法，所以和really，indeed是有本質(zhì)不同的。amateur一般譯為“業(yè)余的”，這里考慮下文有person所以譯為“業(yè)余人員”。in particular譯為“特別是”。
58．The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
[句子主干]
The trend was …obvious in those areas…, and can be illustrated in terms of…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
“based especially on a mathematical…”是定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是science。
[句子翻譯]
這一趨勢(shì)在以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室培訓(xùn)為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里自然表現(xiàn)得最為明顯。英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展過程可以說明這一問題。
[翻譯技巧]
mathematical or laboratory training譯為“數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室培訓(xùn)”。in terms of可譯為“在……領(lǐng)域”。
59．Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
[句子主干]…this project has turned out to be…, combined with…about what in the world …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句的主干是this project has turned out to be，從句是“combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want”。
[句子翻譯]
很遺憾，該項(xiàng)目在報(bào)道失實(shí)、拼寫和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，以及這些讀者究竟需要什么等令人困惑的問題上的調(diào)查結(jié)果大部分相當(dāng)膚淺。
[翻譯技巧]
sad to say可譯為“很遺憾”。Turn out to be應(yīng)該譯為“表現(xiàn)出來”但是一般不用譯出，直接譯出表現(xiàn)本身即可。Low-level findings譯為“相當(dāng)膚淺的調(diào)查結(jié)果”。Head-scratching puzzlement譯為“令人困惑的問題”。
60. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
[句子主干]
Replies show that compared with…are more likely to live in…, and…, and…,or…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。主干是replies show that …are more likely to live in…。compared with…是省略了不定式to be，用來對(duì)比more likely…的結(jié)構(gòu)。
[句子翻譯]
結(jié)果表明，與其他美國(guó)人相比，記者更有可能住在質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)高的地段，更有可能擁有仆人、高級(jí)進(jìn)口汽車及股票，而不大可能去做禮拜、當(dāng)志愿者或在普通社區(qū)居住。
[翻譯技巧]
upscale neighborhoods應(yīng)譯為“優(yōu)質(zhì)價(jià)高的地段”。Mercedeses是指“奔馳--梅塞得斯”牌汽車。put down roots可譯為“定居”。
61. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer's demands.
[句子主干]I believe that …are the same that…: ...
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
本句是一個(gè)嵌套賓語(yǔ)從句，不過也并不難理解。主句是I believe that，that后面是believe的內(nèi)容。第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句修飾的是same，即“the same that underlie the globalization process”。冒號(hào)的內(nèi)容則進(jìn)一步說明globalization process的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
我認(rèn)為引起這場(chǎng)合并浪潮的的最重要力量與導(dǎo)致全球一體化的力量是相同的：運(yùn)輸通信費(fèi)用下降；貿(mào)易與投資障礙減少；市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)大。這一切都需要擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)往來滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。這對(duì)消費(fèi)者只會(huì)有利而不會(huì)有害。
[翻譯技巧]
behind the massive M&A wave可譯為“引起全球合并浪潮”。Falling可譯為“減少的”。Globalization process譯為“全球化過程”。
62. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".
[句子主干]
A lateral move that…promopted me to abandon…, I covered my exit by claiming…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
“that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress…”是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾的是“a lateral move”。“In the manner of a disgraced government minister”是插入的成分，修飾的是“abandon my relatively high profile career”的情況。注意后面的although，不是為了為下文提供轉(zhuǎn)折，而是修飾的“abandon…”一句，是后置的補(bǔ)充說明。
[句子翻譯]
一次評(píng)級(jí)調(diào)動(dòng)傷害了我的自尊心，而且阻礙我業(yè)務(wù)上進(jìn)步，這就促使我放棄我那相當(dāng)注重形象的職業(yè)。然而我卻以一位大勢(shì)已去的政府部長(zhǎng)的姿態(tài)，宣稱“我想多陪陪家人”，以此掩蓋我辭職的真正原因。[翻譯技巧]lateral譯為“橫向的，側(cè)面的”；prompt譯為“促使，驅(qū)使”；disgraced不要譯為“被羞辱的”，而是“大勢(shì)已去的”。
63．I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all",preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
[句子主干]I have been transformed from …, preached by …, into a …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
分析句子的主干，層次是十分清楚的。“preached by…”是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，說明的是philosophy的advocator。
[句子翻譯]
我已經(jīng)從過去七年里琳達(dá)·凱爾西在《女性》雜志再三宣揚(yáng)的“擁有一切”哲學(xué)的積極倡導(dǎo)者，轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)對(duì)一切淺嘗則止就心滿意足的婦女。
[翻譯技巧]
preach是“宣揚(yáng)，極力鼓吹的”意思，這正好和a passionate advocate“熱情宣揚(yáng)”相對(duì)應(yīng)。having it all譯為“擁有一切”。settle for a bit of everything譯為“淺嘗輒止就心滿意足”。
64．There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
[句子主干]
There will be television chat shows …, and cars with pollution monitors…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有并列從句。本句為包含定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。that從句修飾pollution monitors。That從句包含when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
屆時(shí)，將出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，一旦這些汽車排污超標(biāo)(違規(guī))，監(jiān)控器就會(huì)使其停駛。
[翻譯技巧]
定語(yǔ)從句中that的先行詞為pollution monitor而不是cars。動(dòng)詞offend根據(jù)上下文理解為“騎車排放超標(biāo)”。
65．Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived.
[句子主干]
Children will play with dolls…, computers…will be regarded as workmates…, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語(yǔ)。本句中equipped with personality chips是作定語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾dolls。
[句子翻譯]
兒童將與裝有個(gè)性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑，屆時(shí)數(shù)字化時(shí)代就來到了。
[翻譯技巧]
computers with in-built personalities詞組中，in-built personalities為“內(nèi)在的，內(nèi)置的”含義，personalities為“人的性格”之意。根據(jù)常識(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)能具有人的性格特征，肯定是制作時(shí)放入了某種裝置，所以，該詞組可靈活地翻譯為“具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)”。
66．Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
[句子主干]
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers…to produce a …calendar that…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
該句中，that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place 為calendar的定語(yǔ)，其中包括一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間定語(yǔ)從句，不要誤認(rèn)為是狀語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。
[翻譯技巧]
piece together譯為“匯集”；“millennium technology calendar”譯為“新技術(shù)千年歷”。
67．But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
[句子主干]
But that…is only the start of man-machine integration:…it will be the beginning of the long process of integration that…”
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有插入語(yǔ)。that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century為定語(yǔ)從句修飾beginning。Pearson points out為插入語(yǔ)，插到了主表結(jié)構(gòu)之間。
[句子翻譯]
皮爾森指出，這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開始：它是人機(jī)一體化漫長(zhǎng)之路的第一步，最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之前就研制出完全電子化的仿真人。
[翻譯技巧]
man-machine integration譯為“人機(jī)一體化”。
68．And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
[句子主干]…h(huán)ome appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]that從句為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。Smart應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文來翻譯。
[句子翻譯]
家用電器將會(huì)變得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它們會(huì)引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病--廚房狂燥癥。
[翻譯技巧]home appliances應(yīng)譯為“家用電器”；smart譯為“智能化”。
69．And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
[句子主干]
And thanks to…and…, there are already robot systems that…and…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
本句是主從復(fù)合句。主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是“there are”，其余的都是修飾它的。
[句子翻譯]
由于電子元器件和微型機(jī)器的不斷小型化，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了一些能做腦外科和骨外科手術(shù)的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)，其精確度已經(jīng)達(dá)到了亞毫米，就是技術(shù)再嫻熟的醫(yī)生也不可能僅僅用手就能做到。
[翻譯技巧]
thanks to譯為“由于……”；micro-mechanics譯為“微型機(jī)器結(jié)構(gòu)”；robot system譯為“機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)”。
70．One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
[句子主干]
One more reason not to lose…, unlike the rises… it has not occurred against…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。not to lose…是定語(yǔ)從句，省略了which is。
[句子翻譯]
另一個(gè)不必?fù)?dān)心油價(jià)上漲的原因是，70年代油價(jià)上漲的背景是物價(jià)膨脹和全球需求過量，而這次這次油價(jià)上漲不同于70年代。
[翻譯技巧]
lose sleep譯為“擔(dān)心”；general commodity-price inflation“總體物價(jià)膨脹”；“global excess demand”譯成“全球需求過量”。
71．Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.。
[句子主干]
Although it ruled that there is…, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有省略。a centuries-old moral…是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，省略了which is。
[句子翻譯]
盡管最高法院認(rèn)為，憲法并沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人安樂死的權(quán)利，但是實(shí)踐中最高法院支持“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則。這個(gè)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來的醫(yī)療道德原則認(rèn)為，如果一種行為具有雙重效果--既有醫(yī)治的良好效果又有可以預(yù)見的有害效果--為了達(dá)成良好效果，應(yīng)當(dāng)允許這一行為實(shí)施。[翻譯技巧]constitutional right譯為“憲法權(quán)利”；physician-assisted suicide譯為“安樂死”；double-effect譯為“雙重效果”。
72．One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on..
[句子主干] One difficulty is that….to trace…to …
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
有套和從句。本句為帶有一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。
[句子翻譯]
難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
[翻譯技巧]
trace…to可譯為“追溯到”，不過如果譯為“從……去找根源”就更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。states of mind譯為“心態(tài)”；traits of character譯為“性格特征”。
73．The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
[句子主干]
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change…because…seem to be …because…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
本句為帶有兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。其結(jié)構(gòu)為主句加兩個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的并列狀語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
[翻譯技巧]
partly because…partly because為一組常見搭配。意思是“部分原因是……”。item一次相對(duì)比較難譯，常見的詞義是“項(xiàng)目，條目，條款”。此處根據(jù)上下聞，譯為“事項(xiàng)”最恰當(dāng)不過了。
74．The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
[句子主干]
The role of….was formulated…, and the selective role of…and…is only beginning to be…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)] 此句為并列句。由并列連詞and連接。
[句子翻譯]
自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
[翻譯技巧]natural selection譯為“自然選擇”。本句是一個(gè)嵌套賓語(yǔ)從句，不過也并不難理解。主句是I believe that，that后面是believe的內(nèi)容。第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句修飾的是same，即“the same that underlie the globalization process”。冒號(hào)的內(nèi)容則進(jìn)一步說明globalization process的內(nèi)容。
[句子翻譯]
我認(rèn)為引起這場(chǎng)合并浪潮的的最重要力量與導(dǎo)致全球一體化的力量是相同的：運(yùn)輸通信費(fèi)用下降；貿(mào)易與投資障礙減少；市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)大。這一切都需要擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)往來滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。這對(duì)消費(fèi)者只會(huì)有利而不會(huì)有害。
[翻譯技巧]
behind the massive M&A wave可譯為“引起全球合并浪潮”。Falling可譯為“減少的”。Globalization process譯為“全球化過程”。
75．They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
[句子主干]They are…, and they are…in which… is held responsible for..
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]
此句為復(fù)合句。在第二個(gè)并列句中，有in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯]
自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
[翻譯技巧]
首先確定they的指代關(guān)系，指前句子freedom和dignity。hold responsible for“為……負(fù)責(zé)”。be given credit for“因……而受稱贊”。
76．Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
[句子主干]Until .., a technology of behavior will…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]本句為主從復(fù)合句until引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
[句子翻譯] (如果)這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。
[翻譯技巧]until字面意思為“直到……為止”。此處應(yīng)改譯才符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式，另外還省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
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