寫在前言
大家知道，今年長沙中考閱讀理解發(fā)生了改革，出現(xiàn)了一個新題型———中考五選四。出現(xiàn)這個新題型其實筆者也不覺得意外，中考這幾年在出題上發(fā)生的變化，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，是緊緊圍著高考的變化而變化著的。比如中考寫作趨向于應用文，都是因為湖南考生開始統(tǒng)一用全國一卷導致的。中考“五選四”其實就是來源于高考“七選五”。高考英語閱讀七選五，是給出一篇缺少5個句子的文章，同時給出7個選項，要求考生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應的空白處，主要考查的是考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。中考閱讀五選四，出題方式以及解題技巧上，跟高考七選五，有很多的相似之處。當然，關(guān)于五選四，相信不少同學聽說過很多偽技巧，比如：“閱讀文章首尾段”，“聯(lián)系上下文”，“認真閱讀選項和空格前后句”。這些技巧不說我們也會做，也就是說了等于白說。沒有任何實際操作性。接下來，就給同學們介紹幾個實用有效的解題方法。
01
代詞/定冠詞指代一致
同學們都知道，代詞是指代上文所出現(xiàn)的詞或者句，定冠詞the后的名詞是特指，要么獨一無二，要么上文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過。所以，五選四空格后的句子中所出現(xiàn)的代詞和定冠詞就成為了一個重要的解題線索。這也是很多同學容易忽視的小細節(jié)。看到代詞和定冠詞，我們就要遵循“就近往前找指代”的原則。
為了讓同學們更直觀地理解，我們來看一道例題。
例題1：
_____ Improved thinking abilities will help them to understand more both in academic sense and in as an individual. Always love yourself.
A. Thinking is a skill.
B. Creative thinking techniques can develop children’s mind.
C. Thinking is a tool, and it is something that can be sharpened.
正確答案：B
解析：這道題，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)空格后出現(xiàn)代詞them。them需要就近往前找指代，而在三個選項中，出現(xiàn)的復數(shù)名詞能夠被them指代的只有B選項。
例題2：
His father smiled and said, “Before you were born, your mother and I often had fun playing in the sea. __57__ just like the taste of the salty coffee. ” (長沙樣題)
A. We could taste the sea.
B. I don't like salty coffee.
C. So he hated his father.
D. They found the food was tasty there.
E. He never knew his father had such deep love for his mother.
正確答案：A
解析：這道題空格前出現(xiàn)的句子中的“your mother and I”在空格處能被代指的只有A選項當中的we。因此答案為A。
例題3：
Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh. __19__
A. Do not buy it.
B. The easiest is to steam it.
C. This is how you can do it.
D. It just requires a little knowledge.
E. The fish will go bad within hours.
F. When buying fish, you should first smell it.
G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.
正確答案：A
解析：此題是一道高考題。也是一道連高中生都錯誤率很高的高考題。其實高考題的七選五也沒我們想象中那么難。根據(jù)段落意思相信很多同學都會在A和E當中糾結(jié)。E選項是一個強干擾選項。根據(jù)E選項的the fish得知， 這個魚就是上句話中“有強烈味道的魚”。而這個魚在上句話就說到已經(jīng)不新鮮了。因此E選項的will go bad表示將要變質(zhì)是不正確的。因此選到A。A選項的it代指上句話中提到的不新鮮的魚。
02
前后句邏輯一致/相反
很多參考書當中在講閱讀和完形的時候，都會把邏輯分成很復雜繁瑣的類別，如因果邏輯、轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯、讓步邏輯、遞進邏輯等等。實際上，知道這么多名稱的邏輯，增大了我們的記憶負擔，對于做題也沒有太大的幫助。其實，邏輯只要簡單的分為兩種：前后一致和前后相反。前后邏輯一致關(guān)系就表明前后兩句話含義態(tài)度一致。反之，前后邏輯相反，含義態(tài)度相反。值得注意的是，如果兩句話之間沒有邏輯詞，下一句話是對上一句話的進一步補充說明。
例題1：
__59__, but I drink salty coffee for 10 years! （長沙樣題）
A. We could taste the sea.
B. I don't like salty coffee.
C. So he hated his father.
D. They found the food was tasty there.
E. He never knew his father had such deep love for his mother.
答案：B
解析：此題空格后出現(xiàn)了but, 因此得知前后兩句話構(gòu)成相反邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)but后的內(nèi)容“喝了十年的鹽咖啡”，和前句話構(gòu)成相反邏輯的話，應該就是不喝。因此選答案B。
例題2：
Leo and his father didn't talk for ten years. Ten years ago, Leo's mother died. He thought it was his father who caused his mother's illness. __56__.
……
Leo was deeply moved. __58__.
A. We could taste the sea.
B. I don't like salty coffee.
C. So he hated his father.
D. They found the food was tasty there.
E. He never knew his father had such deep love for his mother.
答案：56、 C 58、E
解析：56題根據(jù)上文說到的代詞指代問題，我們把答案可以縮小到C和E兩個選項?？崭裉幧暇湓捥岬剿J為是他父親造成了他母親的疾病，我們剛才說到，兩句話之間沒有邏輯詞，后一句話是對前一句話的補充說明。根據(jù)上句話的疾病我們知道是負態(tài)度的，因此選擇一個負態(tài)度的選項C。
58題同理。根據(jù)代詞縮小范圍到C和E。根據(jù)deeply moved得知他深深地感動了，是正態(tài)度，后一句話態(tài)度一致，選擇E。
例題3：
This could be watching TV or listening to music. Doing some exercises earlier in the day should help you feel physically as well as mentally tired._______ However, coffee or tea should be avoided as they contain caffeine and will keep you awake……
A. So, what’s a good sleep?
B. A bedtime drink can also help.
C. Having a good sleep will keep you lively the whole day.
D. He never knew his father had such deep love for his mother.
正確答案：B
解析：此題是一道高考題。根據(jù)空格后的however得知前后兩句話構(gòu)成相反邏輯。however后的內(nèi)容為咖啡和茶應該被避免，因此，含義態(tài)度相反的選項很容易選到B。
03
復現(xiàn): ①原詞復現(xiàn) ②同近義詞復現(xiàn)
復現(xiàn)就是重復出現(xiàn)的含義。空格處的內(nèi)容跟后文的內(nèi)容主題一致的話，關(guān)鍵詞會多次出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)這個原理，我們就可以用復現(xiàn)的解題技巧來解決某些題。
例題1：
______ The image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us.
A. Always love yourself.
B. Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself.
C. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.
答案：B
解析：此題空格后image這個詞重復出現(xiàn)了兩次，因此可以得知是這個段落的主題詞?？崭裉幍倪@個句子需要跟主題相關(guān)，因此選擇B，和后文構(gòu)成了原詞復現(xiàn)。
例題2：
_________ Some choose it because of their religious beliefs. Others say it provides more time for the family to be together. They say home offers a better place for learning. Some parents….
A. So a number of parents began home-schooling.
B. Home-schooling is not accepted by all the people.
C. Parents choose home-schooling for several reasons.
D. Most often, their parents are their teachers.
答案：C
解析：此題空格后的句子出現(xiàn)的because of得知后文是講的原因。因此選擇C選項的reasons 構(gòu)成了近義詞的復現(xiàn)。此外，several這個詞也對應了后文的some… others…
綜上，中考五選四雖然是新題型，但其實難度并不是我們想象中那么大。只要各位同學具備不錯的詞匯基礎(chǔ)，再結(jié)合我們所講的解題技巧，就一定可以搞定這個題型。值得注意的是，我們剛才講的三個方法，并不是獨立存在的，有的題，甚至三個方法都可以進行套用。我們在做一道題的時候，三個方法是需要綜合考慮的。最后，做完后，可以再通讀全文進行一遍復查。
