HIV病毒檢測相關(guān)資料
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus gets its name because it infects and damages part of the immune system — the body's natural defense system.
HIV（人體免疫缺損病毒）是艾滋?。ǐ@得性免疫缺陷綜合征）的致病病毒。人體的免疫系統(tǒng)是人身體所固有的天然屏障，而這種病毒正是因其感染并破壞部分免疫系統(tǒng)而得名。
Often the only way to know if someone is infected with HIV is through testing. That's because people who are HIV positive may not know that they have the virus. Most of the signs that someone has HIV don't show up until that person has developed full-blown AIDS. By that point, the person is sicker and the disease can be harder to treat, and they may have spread it to others without knowing.
想要確定某人是否感染了艾滋病病毒（HIV），唯一的方式就是檢測。因?yàn)橥ǔ?，感染了的人并不知道自己是HIV病毒攜帶者。大多數(shù)病征要在艾滋真正發(fā)病的時(shí)候才會(huì)顯露出來。但等到了那個(gè)時(shí)候，感染者的情況會(huì)變得非常嚴(yán)重，不僅很難治療，而且在他們不知情的情況下，可能已經(jīng)傳染了許多人了。
Here are the facts on what's involved in getting tested — and who should get tested for HIV and why.
這篇文章將會(huì)對(duì)檢測所涉及的問題，如誰應(yīng)該接受檢測以及為什么等進(jìn)行介紹。
Who Is at Risk?
誰在面臨被感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？
The only known way for HIV to be transmitted from one person to another is when it is spread through the fluids from an infected person's body. Thousands of U.S. teens become infected with HIV each year. When teens in the United States become infected with HIV, it usually happens in one of two ways:
就我們目前所知，艾滋病病毒是通過感染者的體液傳播。美國每年就有幾千青少年被感染，大多是通過以下兩種方式：
1. By sharing needles used to inject drugs or other substances (including needles used for injecting steroids, tattooing, piercing, and body art). If the person who has used the needle is infected with HIV, his or her blood on the needle can infect anyone else who uses the same needle.2 .Through unprotected sex including anal, vaginal, and oral sex. This can happen when body fluids such as semen (cum), vaginal fluids, or blood from an infected person get into the body of someone who is not infected. Everyone who has unprotected sex with an infected person is at risk of contracting HIV, but people who already have another sexually transmitted disease (STD) are even more at risk.
1. 共用針頭
包括注射毒品、類固醇，紋身，穿孔，人體藝術(shù)等。如果HIV感染者使用了某個(gè)針頭，上面會(huì)殘留他或她的血液，其他任何人只要是使用了這個(gè)針頭就很有可能被感染。
2. 不安全性行為
包括肛交、陰交和口交，HIV病毒可能通過感染者的精液、陰道液以及血液，傳染給性交中的另一方。如果在不采取安全措施的情況下，和HIV病毒攜帶著發(fā)生性行為，任何人都有被感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而如果還患有性傳播疾病，那么感染HIV的幾率更大。
Children can be infected with HIV if an infected pregnant woman passes the virus to her unborn child. Treating the mother and child around the time the baby is delivered, delivering by cesarean section, and avoiding breastfeeding can reduce the baby's risk of infection.
兒童也有可能感染HIV，這往往是由于其母親在懷孕時(shí)或之前成為了感染者。避免母嬰傳播的最佳時(shí)機(jī)是在分娩的時(shí)候。采用破腹產(chǎn)，并在孩子出生后，避免母乳喂養(yǎng)，都能有效降低嬰兒的感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Reasons to Get Tested for HIV
為什么要進(jìn)行HIV病毒檢測？
If you have had unprotected sex (sex without a condom) or have shared needles with someone else, you should be tested for HIV. If you’ve had sex with a condom, you also should be tested since condoms are effective when used correctly, but are not perfect.
如果你曾有過不安全性行為（未使用安全套），或者曾與別人共用過針頭，那么你就應(yīng)該進(jìn)行HIV檢測。而且，即便在發(fā)生性行為的時(shí)候使用了安全套，你也還是有必要接受檢測。因?yàn)榘踩妆仨氁徽_地使用，才會(huì)起到保護(hù)的作用。
Early detection is key in fighting HIV and AIDS because:1. There is no cure for HIV, so early detection allows a person to get medical treatment that can slow the advancement and effects of the disease.
2. Someone who learns he or she is infected can take the proper steps and precautions to prevent spreading the disease.
3. Couples who want to get pregnant can take action to try to prevent their baby from being born with HIV.
Another reason to get tested is peace of mind: A negative test result can be a big relief for someone who is worried that he or she might be infected.
早期探測是對(duì)抗艾滋的關(guān)鍵：
1. 艾滋病在目前還無法治愈，所以越早發(fā)現(xiàn)越好。感染者可以更早的服用藥物治療，這樣能夠減緩病情的惡化。
2. 感染者知道了自己的病情，就能采取有效的措施來防止將病毒傳播給別人。
3. 夫婦能夠采取措施保護(hù)他們的孩子不受HIV病毒感染。
并且，檢測還可能平撫人的情緒。如果檢測結(jié)果呈陰性，那無疑就是給那些擔(dān)心自己可能感染的人們一顆定心丸。
What the Tests Do
檢測什么？
Most HIV tests don't actually look for the virus itself; they look for the antibodies that indicate HIV is present in the body.
大多HIV病毒檢測實(shí)際上并不是探查病毒本身，而是尋找可以證明HIV病毒在體內(nèi)存在的特殊抗體。
When someone has HIV, the body's immune system makes antibodies to fight the virus. Unlike the antibodies our immune systems make that successfully fight off other infections, the antibodies to HIV cannot stop the virus. But their presence in great numbers is what appears in test results. The antibodies can take anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months to appear in detectable quantities. So when someone has an HIV test, it may not show an infection that could have occurred in the last 6 months.
當(dāng)人體被HIV病毒感染，免疫系統(tǒng)就會(huì)制造出與之相適應(yīng)的抗體來對(duì)抗它。與其它抗體能夠成功制服其相對(duì)應(yīng)的感染不同，HIV的抗體并不能順利阻止HIV病毒的入侵，但是其巨大的數(shù)量將被呈現(xiàn)在檢測結(jié)果中。并且，這種抗體的數(shù)量能在兩周至六個(gè)月的時(shí)間里保持在可檢測的水平。
Types of HIV Tests
HIV病毒檢測的類型
1. EIA or ELISA Tests. These are the most common type of HIV test. It generally takes a few days to 2 weeks to get the results. This screening tests the blood sample for HIV antibodies. If the screening results come back positive, showing the presence of HIV antibodies, a Western blot is done.
1. EIA（抗HCV酶免疫測定法）和ELISA（酶標(biāo)記免疫吸附測定法）
這兩種檢測法是最常見的HIV病毒檢測方法，一般幾天到兩周就能得到結(jié)果。其原理是檢測血液樣本中的HIV病毒抗體。如果檢測的結(jié)果成陽性，表明HIV病毒抗體在血液中存在，一個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)印跡也就完成了。
2. Western Blot. If the EIA or ELISA test is positive, the results are confirmed by another test called a Western blot. If both of these tests are positive, the person is almost certainly infected with the HIV virus. In rare cases, the EIA test can produce false positives when antibodies other than the HIV antibodies respond to the tests. In these cases, the Western blot will be negative.
2. 蛋白質(zhì)印跡法（也稱免疫印跡法，或西方墨點(diǎn)法）
如果EIA測試或ELISA測試結(jié)果呈陽性，那么接著就需要用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。如果結(jié)果還是陽性，那么基本就可以確定該測試者已經(jīng)感染了HIV病毒。只有極少數(shù)的特例，EIA測試會(huì)得出錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)果。當(dāng)除HIV病毒抗體以外的抗體對(duì)測試產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)，EIA測試的結(jié)果會(huì)呈陽性，但是隨后的蛋白質(zhì)印跡測試的結(jié)果表明是陰性。
3. Rapid Tests. Rapid tests are the speedy alternative to the EIA and ELISA tests — and they're just as accurate. While a standard blood test can take 1-2 weeks to return results, a rapid test is ready in about 20 minutes. Rapid tests are not available in a lot of places. Just like with the EIA and ELISA tests, the rapid tests need to be confirmed with the Western blot test as well.
3. 快速檢測
快速檢測是一種相對(duì)于EIA檢測和ELISA檢測來說更快捷的檢測方式，它們準(zhǔn)確性是相同的。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的血檢需要一至兩周才能得出結(jié)果，而快速檢測僅需二十分鐘。并且就如EIA檢測和ELISA檢測一樣，快速檢測同樣需要蛋白質(zhì)印記法對(duì)其檢測結(jié)果進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。不過，許多地方還無法進(jìn)行快速檢測。
4. At-Home Tests. Many at-home testing kits are available over the counter or online, but only one of them, the Home Access kit, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Home Access test is available at most local drugstores and works in much the same way a home diabetes test works. The user pricks his or her finger and puts the blood on a specially prepared card. The card is then sent into a laboratory, where it is analyzed and the results are available (by phone with an anonymous identification number) in about 7 days. There is also a Home Access Express kit, which can provide anonymous results by the next business day. The Express kit is slightly more expensive than the 7-day kit. The Home Access test has been found to be more than 99.9% accurate.
4. 在家測試
有許多用于在家測試的成套工具，可以在線下直接交易，或是通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)購買。但是其中只有Home Access kit一種得到了美國食物和藥品管理局的認(rèn)證。Home Access 在大多數(shù)本地藥房就能買到。其檢測方法和糖尿病的血糖監(jiān)測類似。使用者戳破手指，使血液滴在特定的檢測卡上，然后把該檢測卡送到相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行分析測驗(yàn)，通常一周時(shí)間出結(jié)果。結(jié)果會(huì)通過電話以匿名的號(hào)碼識(shí)別方式告知被檢測者。還有一種Home Access Express套裝，可以在第二個(gè)營業(yè)日就以匿名方式拿到結(jié)果。這套工具比七天出結(jié)果的那套稍微貴一點(diǎn)。Home Access檢測的準(zhǔn)確率超過99%。
5. Other tests that allow a person to read the results at home without sending in a sample are considered to be inaccurate and should not be used.
5. 其它允許在家自檢的測試就不需要把血樣送到檢測處，但是這樣檢測的結(jié)果不準(zhǔn)確，所以并不采用。
Where to Get Tested
在哪里檢測？
People can get tested for HIV at a variety of different places, such as doctors' offices, health departments, hospitals, and sites that specialize in HIV testing. Some places, like certain clinics or hospitals, offer tests at little or no cost.
人們可以在各種各樣不同的地方得到HIV病毒檢測，比如醫(yī)務(wù)室、衛(wèi)生部門、醫(yī)院和HIV檢測特定點(diǎn)。有些醫(yī)院或診所提供免費(fèi)檢測或只收取少量費(fèi)用。
1. Anonymous Test Sites. An anonymous test site will never ask for a person's name or other identifying details. Instead, anyone being tested goes by a number and he or she is the only one who knows the results of the test. Although people go by numbers at anonymous sites, they aren't treated like just another number. Many anonymous sites have counselors available to talk with the person being tested, both before and after testing. No written record of the test result is kept at anonymous test sites.
1. 匿名檢測點(diǎn)
在匿名檢測點(diǎn)做測試，都不需要被檢測者提供姓名和其它任何身份信息，但他們會(huì)得到一個(gè)檢測號(hào)，用以區(qū)分，檢測的結(jié)果只有他們自己知道。雖然檢測者在匿名檢測點(diǎn)只是憑號(hào)碼識(shí)別，但他們并不僅僅只是號(hào)碼。許多檢測點(diǎn)都有咨詢師，他們負(fù)責(zé)與檢測者在檢測前及檢測后進(jìn)行交談溝通。匿名檢測點(diǎn)不會(huì)保留任何書面記錄。
2. Confidential Test Sites. Confidential testing means that at a certain point in the process the person being tested will need to identify themselves. The results may appear as a written report in his or her medical file.
2. 保密檢測點(diǎn)
保密檢測的意思是在進(jìn)行測試的過程中被檢測者需要提供他們的身份認(rèn)證，檢測的結(jié)果將會(huì)以報(bào)告的形式在他們的醫(yī)療檔案中存檔。
Every state has different laws pertaining to HIV testing, so it's always a good idea to check to see what is available in a particular area.
每一個(gè)州與HIV病毒檢測相關(guān)的法律都不盡相同，所以事先考慮在特定的地方哪些是適用可行的比較好。
If Test Results Are Positive
如果檢測結(jié)果呈陽性
Someone who tests positive for HIV should:
當(dāng)檢測結(jié)果呈陽性，被檢測者應(yīng)該及時(shí)做以下事情：
1. Contact a doctor immediately to discuss ways to slow the progress of the infection. Often a doctor will do more tests to evaluate the status of the virus. A person with a positive test may want to talk to a doctor who is an HIV specialist.
1. 立即聯(lián)系醫(yī)生，討論治療方案以減緩發(fā)病過程。通常，醫(yī)生會(huì)進(jìn)行更多的測試來檢驗(yàn)感染病毒的階段。得知自己已經(jīng)感染的人們應(yīng)該會(huì)愿意和一位艾滋病治療專家談?wù)劇?b class="label bg2" jquery1324088931109="145">
2. Stop any activity that has an adverse affect on the body's immune system. These include excessive drinking, drug use, unhealthy eating, and smoking.
2. 停止一切可能對(duì)身體免疫功能造成傷害的活動(dòng)，包括過量飲酒、吸毒、不健康的飲食以及抽煙。
3. Have additional tests to look for the presence of other STDs and diseases. When HIV was passed on, other STDs may have been passed on as well. Because HIV weakens the immune system, an HIV-positive person's body may need more help fighting off other diseases.
3. 做進(jìn)一步檢測以確定是否感染性傳播疾病或其它疾病。因?yàn)镠IV病毒會(huì)破壞人體的免疫系統(tǒng)，如果感染了HIV病毒，就很有可能感染性傳播疾病。并且感染者需要更多的幫助來抵抗其它疾病。
4. Let past, current, and future sexual partners know about the infection. People who may have been exposed should be tested so that they can be treated as well. Condoms should always be used for future sexual encounters in order to help avoid infecting others.
4. 告知過去的、現(xiàn)在的性伴侶，以及將來可能成為性伴侶的人，自己已經(jīng)感染的事實(shí)。過去及現(xiàn)在的性伴也應(yīng)該進(jìn)行檢測，因?yàn)槿绻_定感染就可以盡早得到治療。并且在未來進(jìn)行性交時(shí)，應(yīng)使用安全套來避免使對(duì)方感染。
People who discover they are HIV positive may feel frightened, isolated, afraid to talk to friends and family, or worried that they will be discriminated against or misunderstood. Talking to a counselor or other mental health professional can help them deal with these and other feelings.
感染者可能會(huì)感到震驚害怕，感到被孤立，會(huì)很怕和家人朋友談?wù)撨@件事，或是擔(dān)心他們歧視、誤解自己。咨詢相關(guān)人員或是心理醫(yī)生能幫助他們處理這些疑慮和情緒。
Some health clinics that specialize in HIV and AIDS offer counseling services or know of support groups for those living with HIV. These safe environments offer a chance to discuss any fears and get answers to questions from people who care and understand what someone with HIV is going through.
某些健康中心主治艾滋，并提供咨詢服務(wù)，還設(shè)有專門為HIV病毒攜帶者提供支持的互助小組。這樣的環(huán)境，讓感染者感到安全，并且為他們提供了傾訴內(nèi)心恐懼和焦慮的機(jī)會(huì)，還讓那些理解且關(guān)心感染者的人們有地方解答疑惑。
There is no cure for HIV, but having the virus is not the death sentence it once was. Governments and scientists are putting a lot of money and research into treating — and, hopefully, eventually curing or immunizing people against — HIV. With treatments improving rapidly, people who find out they have the disease today can look forward to living a normal life for many years to come.
目前雖然還沒有可以完全治愈艾滋病的方法，但是感染了HIV病毒已經(jīng)不再像從前一樣就等于被判了死刑。政府投入了大量的資金在其治療方法的研究上，科學(xué)家們也付出了巨大的努力，希望最終能夠找到幫助感染者戰(zhàn)勝艾滋的方法。隨著治療方法的迅速改善，感染者們甚至可以展望在未來的許多年里都能過著正常人的生活。
The Truth About HIV
艾滋病相關(guān)知識(shí)
1. You can't catch HIV from just being around a person or having casual contact with someone who is infected.
1. 和HIV攜帶者呆在一起，或是與他們進(jìn)行一些日常接觸，并不會(huì)感染艾滋。
2. HIV infection is not carried in sweat or tears. It also can't be transmitted through water fountains, phones, toilet seats, or clothes.
2. 汗水和眼淚里不會(huì)存在HIV病毒。并且，它同樣不會(huì)通過飲水器、電話、馬桶或衣服傳播。
3. A person can't catch HIV from a mosquito or any other bug bites or stings.
3. 被蚊蟲叮咬不會(huì)感染HIV病毒。
4. Giving blood does not increase a person's risk of contracting HIV.
4. 鮮血不會(huì)增加感染HIV病毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
5. HIV can't spread through a closed-mouth kiss and there's only a small chance it may be spread from an open-mouth kiss.
5. 閉著嘴唇親吻（如禮節(jié)性親吻）不會(huì)傳播HIV病毒。并且，通過張開嘴唇親吻（如濕吻、舌吻）而感染HIV病毒的幾率也非常小。
6. It's not just homosexual people who need to be tested. Everyone can get HIV.
6. 并不是只有同性戀者才需要進(jìn)行HIV病毒檢測，每一個(gè)人都有感染的可能。
7. People who have HIV don't always loot sick, most HIV-positive people look perfectly healthy.
7. 并不是每一個(gè)感染HIV病毒的人看起來都是病入膏肓的模樣，正相反，大多數(shù)感染者看起來都非常健康。
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