做題順序【這是讀文章的重點，也是難點，一定多多練習】
1．掃描題干，確定題型，劃出關鍵信息詞。
2．掃描文章，劃出以下內容?！?strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">閱讀文章的主要目的：抓框架，抓考點】
(1)首段、各段首句、末段末句
(2)與提干信息詞相關內容
(3)因果關系(because, thus, therefore等)
(4)轉折關系 (but, however, yet)
(5)強調信息：1)絕對詞匯 2)比較級最高級 3)強調句 4)強信息詞
(6)并列/列舉：掃過標記
(7)舉例：掃過，知目的
(8)指示性的具體信息： 1) 時間對比 2) 專有名詞 3) 數(shù)字
3．再次閱讀題目，聯(lián)系文章，解決簡單題目。
4．對于難以確定的題目，再次回原文反復的看相關的信息點。
略讀 一篇文章的主題信息通常會出現(xiàn)在以下幾處：
文章各段的首句和尾句 這些處于較明顯、較特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主題句，具有相當大的重要性;
強轉折處 通常以but, however, rather, yet, instead等詞為標志，這些詞匯后面的句子是主題性信息;
因果關系處 通常以therefore, as a result, thus, so, That is why…等詞語或句式為標志，這些詞匯或句式后面的句子是主題性信息;
遞進處 通常以moreover, furthermore, what’s more, what’s the most important, most important of all, most importantly等詞匯或短語為標志，這些詞匯或短語后面出現(xiàn)的信息是被強調的信息，即主題信息出現(xiàn)的地方;
例證處 通常以for example, for instance, Let’s take…, Consider…等詞匯、短語或句式為標志，這些詞匯、短語或句式表示舉例，也是支持性的細節(jié)信息，位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要說明的主題;
并列處 通常以firstly, secondly…finally, some…others…, for one thing…for another, on the one hand…on the other hand等組合為標志，這些組合都是支持性的細節(jié)信息，位于這些組合前后的句子一般都是這些細節(jié)信息所要支持的主題。
跳讀 可以作為略讀的輔助。跳讀旨在掌握文章的全貌和要點，但又不必將文章中所有的詞句全部都讀進眼簾，句子中期補充說明、修飾限定作用的，在跳讀過程中就可以略去不讀。因此，跳讀主要是為了抓住句子的主干部分，忽略次要部分，這種閱讀方法并不影響讀者對于文章主題信息的把握。當主題信息處是長難句時，這種方式尤為有效。
跳讀可以分為以下三種形式：
根據(jù)特殊的標點符號提示，采用跳讀法 文章中的標點符號都有其一定的含義。如：兩個逗號之間是插入成分或同位語;括號內表示舉例或補充說明;冒號通常用來列舉事物、附加解釋說明性內容;破折號通常放在解釋性分句或句子前，或是用來列舉前面總括的若干內容，或是放在解釋性的插入語之前或之后等。閱讀時，可以將兩個逗號之間的部分、括號內的部分、冒號后的部分、破折號后的部分和兩個破折號之間的部分省略不讀;
根據(jù)句法結構，采用跳讀法 主要是在遇到長難句時，抓住句子的主干部分，即主語部分、謂語部分和賓語部分，而其它補充成分，即定語(從句)、狀語(從句)和補語部分可以略去不讀;
根據(jù)文章結構和組織形式及段落間邏輯關系、主題句等，采用跳讀法 閱讀時，重點關注主題句、表明作者觀點的詞句，對于舉例論證、引用論證、數(shù)據(jù)論證、正反論證、比喻論證等部分則一帶而過，跳過不讀。
出題順序
①題目順序基本與行文順序一致
解題技巧:一般情況下，快速閱讀的題目順序與原文的行文順序是保持一致的，也就是說，下一道題的出處一般位于前一道題出處后面?？傮w的試題順序與文章的行文順序一致的。把握題目順序與行文順序一致的基本規(guī)律，將節(jié)省我們的尋讀時間。
?、跀?shù)字、年代
解題技巧1 數(shù)字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯叔祖的形式出現(xiàn)，在周圍都是英文字母的背景中就顯得比較突出。因此，如果考題中含有數(shù)字，往往可以用來快速定位題目的出處。
解題技巧2 數(shù)字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯數(shù)字的形式出現(xiàn)，但題干中可能對數(shù)字的形式有一定改動，如在數(shù)字的精確性和模糊性上變化。這時需要主義從邏輯關系上正確理解數(shù)字之間的包含與被包含關系。
③第一次出現(xiàn)的人名、地名等專有名詞
解題技巧： 專有名詞以大寫字母開頭，在文章中顯得比較突出，容易尋找。但是如果通篇都是講與這個專有名詞有關的事情時，這個專有名詞有可能在全文中多次出現(xiàn)，而題目中也多次出現(xiàn)，這時就不建議用它來定位題目出處，而應該使用其他的定位詞。
題型與信息詞
1. 主旨題：詢問主旨『無需信息詞;放于最后答題』
2. 詞匯題：詢問詞匯、短語或句子含義『詢問內容為信息詞』
3. 細節(jié)題：詢問文中具體細節(jié)『信息詞不確定』
4. 態(tài)度題：詢問作者或他人對某物的態(tài)度『一般無信息詞』
5. 推斷題：對段落或全文進行推理『信息詞不確定』
●快速閱讀原文作路標（劃關鍵詞），明確題型找題區(qū)（與題干有關的句子或段落），大部分題目的題干都在原文題區(qū)的基礎上進行了變通，使用了不同的表達方式：詞性轉化、同義、近義替代、反義敘述、狀語提示、概括總結、例子證明觀點等。解答細節(jié)理解題，定位能力很重要；最基本方法是：定位+改寫=正確答案，就近原則，核心名詞，縮小范圍，同義替換！照抄原文的不是解，同義替換的是解。
●原文、問題、選項三者相比較，重要性最高的是問題?。?！其次是選項??！最后是原文！必要性思維——正確選項未必能充分完整地表達原文意思，而只要沾邊即可。反之，不沾邊的必錯！問題中的細節(jié)和小詞是關鍵！注意小詞，比如：題干主語是people 就在文章中找we,they；題干中有used to就要找含過去式的was，而不是is，即使就近含關鍵字；題干中有now 就到文章中找today，題干中有toy lions就找shopping而不是parks或forests，定位+改寫=正確答案!
●概括的、抽象的、與中心思想核心名詞沾邊的是正確選項。在遇到兩個意思很相近的選項時：特別是假設A選項正確，還能推出B選項也正確的時候，究竟選哪個？要選B項！！因為B項的范圍包括了A，即B大于A，所以B正確。
●some Much same certain still different 。。。
被動 measures should be taken 系表結構 It is in danger! There be句型
將來時 3G mobile phone is coming
首末句原則，即首段和末段原則（不要怕重復和回讀）首段的作用：①中心段 ②拋磚引玉. 定位+改寫=正確答案!
●定位+改寫=正確答案! 務必要用排除法。排除法在此類題型中發(fā)揮著不可磨滅的作用。根據(jù)在文章中找到的事實依據(jù)和常識排除錯誤信息，再排除和文章中一詞不差的信息(文章里的原句不會是推理判斷出來的結果，但通過同義詞或句型轉換過的選項有可能是正確答案)，最后再排除無關或偏離信息，正確答案就不言而喻了。
解的十個特征
1、 體現(xiàn)中心思想（包括段落中心）的是解；
2、 照抄原文的不是解，同義替換的是解；
3、 含義不肯定的是解，如：can could may usually might most more or less be likely to；
含義絕對的不是解： must always never the most all any none
含義相反的是解；
4、 具體的不是解，概括性的、抽象的是解；
5、 帶有some的是解：someone somebody sometime something certain；
6、 簡單的不是解，復雜的是解，字面意思不是解，含義深刻的是解；
7、 帶虛詞的解：
another other more either both also beside additional extra different same nearly not enough；
8、 “變化”是解：change delay improve increase；
9、 “重要的、基礎的”是解：important necessary essential basis be based on；
10、 二選一：反義項有解；形似項有解；近義項有解
閱讀文章的兩大原則：知難而退、抓大放小
原文對等的思想：像【這個思想在做題時要時時體會，務必掌握】
1、錯誤選項不是讓你不選的 2、正確選項不是讓你選的
3、題干也不是隨便出的 4、題目不是隨便湊的
主旨題
1) 讀文章時重點關注文章的首段和首末句。按照西方人習慣性的思維方式和寫作習慣，他們慣用的是演繹法：即文章一開始先扔出自己的核心觀點，然后具體一步步論證。根據(jù)我的統(tǒng)計，每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句話為本段的主題句的概率分別為50%、20%、20%，三句話成為主題句的概率超過九成，當然也就成為我們閱讀的重中之重。
2) 關注一篇文章或者一段話中有沒有重復出現(xiàn)的詞或詞組、有沒有黑體字或者是斜體字。如果有，通常這就是文章的核心概念。
3) 問句不會是主題句。問句通常作為過渡或者是引子，因此應該忽略，真正的主題應該是這個問題的答案。
4)關注一些表征強轉折關系的連詞
“but, yet, however, in fact, indeed, practically, virtually”等，這些詞后面連接的通常都是一段話的主題句。
5) 關注一些表征總結性，結論性的詞：
“in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, to sum”等，這些詞后面連接的通常也都是一段話的主題句。
6) 如果主題句含有show和suggest等詞，重點看其后的賓語從句。
7) 掌握一些詞組強調的重點。
“not only…, but also ***, *** as well as …, more *** than …, less …, than *** (***為強調的重點)”。
A. 根據(jù)文章第一段或首句確定文章的主旨。新聞報道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，另外有些說明性或議論性文章也會開門見山地提出文章的中心或闡述的觀點，文章的第一句話或第一段就是對全文主旨大意的概括。后文對此進一步解釋說明，一般上具體的事例或信息，全文具有先總后分的特點。我們在捕捉文章的主題句時，應該對包含主題句的段落進行適當?shù)姆治觥?/span>
例：Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess if they are properly used. If fire didn’t hurt when it burned, children would play with it until their hands were burned away. Similarly, if pain existed but fear didn’t, a child could burn itself again and again because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burnt it before. A really fearless soldier----and some do exist----is not a good soldier because he is soon killed; and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might soon die out.…
Q: The best title for this passage should be____.
A. No pains, No Gains B. Pain and Actions
C. The Value of Fear D. The Reason Why People Fear
[分析]：
B. 主題句在篇尾。主題句位于段末的文章的特點是作者采用了先擺事實，后下結論的寫作手法。作者在表述細節(jié)后，歸納要點、結論、建議或結果，以概括主題。我們在做題時，要判斷所讀內容是細節(jié)性的描述還是對所涉及問題的集中表達。如果文章首先提及的內容多為一般性的事實、細節(jié)的描寫或具體的事例，則對文章中心的歸納或作者觀點及意圖的體現(xiàn)極有可能在最后，可以重點細讀最后一段，然后回過頭來利用主題句進一步理解文章的細節(jié)。
例：…Free time increased considerably following the shortening of the working week, i.e. from six days to five days, and from ten hours to eight hours a day. In fact, the working day couldn’t be too long, otherwise people wouldn’t have the time to spend their money. The amount of a family’s budget spent on outside entertainment, such as parties, films and concerts has increased from just under 6% in Ford’s day to about 9% today. On the other hand, we spend only a quarter of what our great-grandparents paid for reading materials.
It is difficult to see how our spending patterns may change in the future. We already know that our population is aging and this will have an effect on the amount of money we spend on medical care.
Q: What is the subject discussed in the text?
A. Changing patterns in spending B. Changes in family planning
C. Decrease in food demand D. Increase in family income
[分析]：
C. 主旨出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。在有些議論文或說明文中作者首先列舉或說明人們的錯誤觀點或認識誤區(qū)，然后再點明自己的觀點或說明的中心，最后點題，這樣文章的主題句就出現(xiàn)在篇中。
例：A close friend siad: “If I could only figure this out, I think I could find happiness.” I have heard this before and will hear it again I am sure.
Many people believe that finding happiness is all about finding something else they want. Not many have ever found long term happiness by achieving another goal. The answer to finding happiness is to look within yourself.
In other words, happiness is a completely inside job. The most important piece to finding happiness is to comprehend happiness is a choice and not the result of an experience. If all happiness could be found as the result of an acquisition(成就), meeting a goal, or having anything, then a person’s happiness would always be subject to something else.
Q: Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Look within to find happiness.
B. Happiness, a choice or the result of an experience?
C. The definition of happiness
D. How can we create happiness?
[分析]：
細節(jié)題
閱讀理解題目中的重量級選手。占的比重大，最少一篇文章考查3個，最多考查5個。
正確選項答題方法：
(1)同義改寫——詞匯轉換，含義相同
(2)同義轉述——含義不同，本質相同
答題方法：干擾項
(1) 無中生有 (2) 偷梁換柱 (3) 自相矛盾 (4) 過于絕對
第一、二種是出題人常常采用的方法，尤其以第二種最難，對于干擾項，一定要掌握“像”這個特征，這是核心。
關鍵信息詞定位：同義、同形、混合定位。
絕對詞出現(xiàn)的處理方式：
(1)文章中：作為重點信息標記出。
(2)題干中：作為關鍵信息詞標出。
(3)選項中：只有與文章一致方為正確選項。
(4)選項中：一般作為干擾選項出現(xiàn); 假如與文章標記一致，才是正確選項。
絕對詞：must, always, never, the most, all, no, each, only, have to, any(任何), completely, totally, hardly, every, rarely, seldom
不肯定語氣詞(作標記)：can, could, may, might, should, some, usually, might, most, often, more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, possibly, perhaps, maybe, to some degree, seem
A. 從原文直接找到答案所需的信息。在解答這類題時，我們可采用“對號入座”的方法。先找到原文的關鍵信息，然后把原文中的信息跟后面的題目對照，即可得到答案。
例：…The new strategy involves fuel cells, which are devices that use chemical reactions to produce electrical currents. Researchers from St. Louis University used a type of protein called enzymes(酶). In the cells of living things, including people, enzymes are what spark chemical reactions. To keep up with the pace that our bodies demand, our cells constantly produce new enzymes as the old ones break down.
Scientists had tried using enzymes in fuel cells before, but they had trouble keeping the electricity flowing. That’s because, unlike the enzymes in our cells, the enzymes in fuel cells break down faster than they can be replaced.
To get around this problem, the St. Louis researchers invented molecules that wrap around an enzyme and protect it. Inside this molecular pocket, an enzyme can last for months instead of days.
Q: Researchers have molecules wrap around an enzyme in order to____.
A. make the enzymes in fuel cells break down slower
B. produce enough enzymes to break down
C. keep up with the pace that our bodies demand
D. keep the enzymes in fuel cells from breaking down
[分析]：
B. 對信息進行加工。這類題目我們能夠在文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是做題所直接需要的，需要我們對原文信息進行合理的加工處理，據(jù)此作簡單推理。它是介于事實細節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型。
例：In the summer of 1941, I was 5 years old. It was a time when the Nickles Bakery sent salesmen in red-and-white trucks door-to-door in our town of Greenville, Pennsylvania, selling baked goods.
One day, a Nickles salesman drove his truck, loaded with goodies, into our driveway. He opened the rear doors, took out his display of baked goods and went into our home to offer my mother the specialties of the day.
While he was inside, I sneaked around to the rear of his truck, with its doors wide open, and I took a package of oatmeal(燕麥) cookies, hurried to the rear of the house and ate the entire package of cookies.
Soon, the truck sped away, and I never gave what I had done another thought…until 27 years later, during the summer of 1968.
Q: In the 27 years after he ate the oatmeal cookies, the author____.
A. felt sorry all the time
B. tried to find the salesman and pay him
C. never thought about what he had done
D. often remembered the scene
[分析]：
C. 綜合信息題。這類題目的信息不僅僅涉及文章的某一句話，還可能涉及文章的幾句話，而且有時可能散落在文章的不同段落，因此要求我們把原文提供的信息綜合起來分析，不能斷章取義，張冠李戴。
例：I located the bakery and told the superintendent(主管) my story, expecting him to understand my plight and tally up the charges.
I’d pay up and my conscience would be put at ease.
Instead, he laughed out loud and said, “You mean to tell me that you want to pay for something that happened 27 years ago, when you were only 5 years old?”
He laughed again and said, “Reverend(牧師), consider the debt paid.”
I felt relieved and my conscience was right.
Q: Why did the author feel his conscience was right in the end?
A. Because he paid for those cookies, plus 27 years of interest.
B .Because he was respected as a minister by the superintendent.
C. Because the superintendent told him the debt had been paid.
D. Because he was pardoned by the superintendent.
[分析]:
推斷題
提問中需含有詞匯：infer，imply，Learn from，Conclude，Suggest，seen from等
★推斷類型：全文推斷，局部推斷。
★判斷標準：題目出現(xiàn)位置;位置重于表述。
★★什么是推斷：(1)來自于原文相關處; (2)與其含義一致【注意，一定是原文對等】
★★全文推斷：
判斷依據(jù)：(1)最后一題；
(2)倒數(shù)第二題：假如最后一題為主旨題或者作者對全文的態(tài)度題時。
答題方法：
1. 對全文最后一段的推斷。定位三句：最后一段最后一句(或倒數(shù)第二句)，最后一段主題句(可能是第一句)，最后一段強調句。一般來講，四選項中有涉及全文最后一段的相關內容，特別是全文最后一句或者倒數(shù)第二句時，此為答案。
2. 對全文中心觀點的推斷。查找與中心觀點一致的選項。
3. 對文中不同信息點的推斷，逐個定位，進行推斷。推斷題目中最難的題目，數(shù)量少。
★★局部推斷：
分為兩種：(1)根據(jù)給定段落進行推斷(段落推斷);
(2)根據(jù)給定的某個信息進行推斷(信息點推斷)。
答題方法：定位信息點和作者觀點。
★干擾項：無根據(jù)推斷(無中生有)，推斷過頭，推斷錯誤(自相矛盾)。
需要強調的是：推斷的本質：一定是來自原文，且含義一致。任何一個推斷題，找不到定位處，或者感覺模模糊糊，就要考慮是不是一個錯誤選項。
A. 寫作意圖題。有些文章作者不點明自己的寫作意圖，而是讓讀者自己去體會，這種情況多出現(xiàn)在記敘文或夾敘夾議的文章中。
例：ALBANY, New York---- Students who rely on working at night to improve their grades might want to sleep on that strategy: a new survey in the U.S. says those who never study all night have slightly higher grades than those who do.
A survey of 120 students at St. Lawrence University found that students who have never pulled an all-nighter on average have higher grades than those who have. The survey found those who do not study through the night have a grade point average of 3.2 compared to 2.95 for those who have.
Q: The purpose of the passage is to tell us____.
A. the bad effects of pulling an all-nighter B. pulling an all-nighter leads to sleep problems
C. doubts about all-nighters D. all-nighters hurt students’ grades
[分析]:
B. 態(tài)度傾向題。作者的態(tài)度傾向往往隱含在文章中，而不會明確說明，因此態(tài)度傾向題也是比較有難度的推理判斷題型。這類題目一般分為兩類：一是作者對某一具體事物的觀點、看法；另一類是作者對某一人、物的評價。議論文或記敘文往往考查作者的態(tài)度傾向。如果是論文，應該抓住作者的論點和論據(jù)；如果是記敘文，應該特別注意作者總結性的文字。
例：The NBA now has a serious image problem; more than any other sport, it’s pulled in two opposite directions. As it’s been for years, whites make up a majority of the fans; blacks make up a majority of the players. And as those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling(不斷上升的) paychecks, they’ve exercised their influence to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image.
…
The NBA has the potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both sides together in cheering some of the best athletes of any color. But it’s a fragile bridge indeed, where every black or white element apparently forces out its ethnic(種族的) opposite. And it’s not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested in crossing over.
Q: The author’s attitude towards the NBA culture could be described as____.
A. supportive B. doubtful C. critical D. neutral
[分析]:
C. 細節(jié)推斷題。細節(jié)推斷是根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細節(jié)，運用基礎知識進行分析、推敲，從而復出符合文章原意的結論的一種推斷方法。此類題要求我們根據(jù)語篇關系，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、具體信息等。解答此類題要從文章提供的信息出發(fā)，抓住關鍵的信息詞，運用邏輯思維、哲學原理，并借助一定的常識，進行分析、推理、判斷。進行細節(jié)推斷，必須吃透相關文段的意思。
例：In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their people had increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly, not everyone in these countries is so fortunate and many people in rich countries are homeless.
The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.
…
Some cynics(憤世嫉俗的人) declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in a shop doorway, under a bridge or in a cardboard box?
Q: It can be inferred from the text that____.
A. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living.
B. the mental ill live on the street because they want the company of other homeless people
C. The unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless
D. the homeless are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboad box
[分析]:
D. 邏輯結論題。邏輯結論型試題的特點是考查我們的邏輯思維及判斷能力，要求我們根據(jù)文章提供的細節(jié)，推斷出合乎邏輯的內容。解答此類題我們首先要找出短文的主題，然后按題意要求進行推斷。
例：…Chapman feels it his duty to help the rural areas that get left behind. Ask him about the satisfaction of setting up the community wireless network and he’ll mention two women who are attending online universities----or grandparents easily e-mailing their grandchildren far away.
“When the members of the community contribute their effort like this, they feel a sense of ownership,” Chapman says, “We may operate the network, but it’s owned by the citizens of the community. It’s for the public good.”
Q: From the last two paragraphs we know that____.
A. West Virginia Broadhand only does good to old citizens
B. West Virginia Broadhand is operated by the community
C. Chapman is a man of social responsibilities
D. Chapman isn’t very much satisfied with his work
[分析]:
E. 預測想象題。預測想象型試題考查的內容一般在文意中沒有明確說明，因此我們要根據(jù)語篇，把握作者的寫作思路，對事件可能出現(xiàn)的結局后文可能涉及的內容以及上文的內容進行科學的、合理的預測。
例：…Completing a college application can take some time. But answering all the questions is not enough. Another important step is taking admissions tests. The SAT is the college entry test that American high school students most commonly take. Another one is the ACT.
Colleges and universities may also require international students to take the TOEFL (the Test of English as a Foreign Language).
If you have a general question for our Foreign Students Series, write to special@voanews.com
Q: What will the author most probably talk about next/
A. SAT B. ACT C. FSS D. TOEFL
[分析]:
釋義題
解推斷題最主要的方法是根據(jù)詞義關系推斷具體細節(jié)。
具體策略：
1.通過辨認細節(jié)的技巧
2.借助常識
3.務必要用排除法
4.詞句段篇，相互交融
5.詞的深刻內涵。
答題核心
答題關鍵一：表面含義選項常為干擾項。
答題關鍵二：采用三句定位法：上一句，所在句，和下一句;同時關注暗示詞
三句定位的關鍵是要判斷所考察短語與三句中某部分的關系。
題型分析
考綱內詞匯： 考察詞匯在特定上下文中選取特定含義的能力
考綱外詞匯： 考察根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞含義的能力
陌生短語： 考察根據(jù)上下文理解推斷短語在特定上下文中含義的能力
句子： 考察根據(jù)上下文推斷句子含義的能力
●同義關系
同義關系指考察對象與上下文中的某部分含義一致。此時，可直接將上下文中含義一致的部分作為考察對象的含義答題即可。例如，假如文章中提到“…A and B…”考察對象為A，而B短語已知，A的含義就是B短語的含義。
關鍵詞：in other word, and, also, that is, xxx (名詞) + 定語從句;xxx (名詞) + be + 名詞或者從句;xxx (名詞) + 同位語;xxx (名詞) + be called /mean …
●反義關系
反義關系指考察對象與上下文中某部分的含義相反。此時，可直接將上下文中含義的相反部分作為考察對象的含義答題即可。
關鍵詞：but, not, yet, however, although, though, while
●表面含義
一般來說，釋義題的干擾項常常是詞、短語或句子的表面含義。實際上，釋義題考查的更像是根據(jù)上下文猜測詞、短語、句子的能力，而不是對考查內容的解能力。有趣的是，考查內容的字面意義到成了出題人編寫錯誤選項的一個出發(fā)點。
A. 根據(jù)定義、解釋和復述猜測詞義。這種情況下，生詞往往出現(xiàn)在前面，定義或解釋跟在生詞的后面，由or或破折號引出。因此只要找準并正確理解生詞的釋義，生詞的含義也就清楚了。釋義部分可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。在做這類題時，要注意生詞與復述部分往往構成同位語，在句中多用逗號、破折號、冒號、分號等來連接。
例：…In another survey, 79% of teens agreed that people at their age aren’t careful enough when giving out information about themselves online. Besides, careless blogging can also affect blog viewers. When you are angry or frustrated, your blog is the first place you turn to. The words you post then may not be rational which you may regret later. To minimize the negative effect, change the permission setting and make such posts “private” so that only you can read them.
As long as you are careful with what you post, blogging is a great means of staying in touch with friends and displaying one’s creative works.
Q: The underlined word “rational” probably means____.
A. strange B. perfect C. helpful D. reasonable
[分析]:
B. 根據(jù)因果關系猜測詞義。因果關系總是同時出現(xiàn)在文章中，有時原因在前，結果在后；有時結果在前，原因在后，因此我們可以根據(jù)這一特定的邏輯關系來推測生詞的含義。
例：…Technology greatly influences our standpoint on how fast we think everything needs to be done. If you put a dollar in the soda machine, you expect the bottle to move forward and fall down to the bottom. You can’t count how many times you’ve smacked the machine if it went too slow for your expectations. You wanted instant results, immediate fulfillment.…
Q: The underlined word “smacked” in the paragraph probably means____.
A. clapped B. hit C. kicked D. pushed
[分析]:
C. 根據(jù)搭配、對比關系猜測詞義。有時分析句子結構，辨別句子成分，分清搭配關系，是判斷詞義的前提，通過搭配關系得以確定劃線名詞指代的對象是人還是物。另外，轉折詞but、讓步條件狀語從句以及unlike, in spite of, despite, however等一些介詞和副詞都可以構成意義上的對比關系。
例：Fine art treasures from many countries are kept in an art museum called the Louvre in Paris, France. The works of art have been collected by the people of France over many centuries. The Louvre has not always been a museum. The first building was a fort. In 1190, it was the king’s castle with high walls and a round tower. It had a moat to keep out his enemies. Over the years, the number of buildings around the castle grew. By 1350, the castle was no longer needed as a fort. The Louvre became a palace home for French kings and queens.
Q: The underlined word “moat” probably means____.
A. a high tower built in former times where soldiers watched out for enemies
B. a long and deep ditch dug round a castle and was usually filled with water
C. a cart pulled by horses on which soldiers fought
D. a long and high wall around castle
