Every summer, I travel abroad with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I find that my oral English gets better. So I firmly believe the book is not the only source of knowledge.
上面這幾個(gè)句子讀起來不知所云，因?yàn)槿狈τ幸饬x的銜接，但如果經(jīng)過這樣改寫，邏輯就會(huì)緊密很多：
Every summer, I travel abroad with my family or my best friends. After returning from my trip, I find my oral English gets better. So I firmly believe reading books is not the only way of learning English; foreign travel also facilitates language learning.
除了句子的銜接外，段落與段落之間的銜接也非常重要。這一點(diǎn)在外刊文章上體現(xiàn)得很好。舉一個(gè)經(jīng)典例子：
上面這段話出自The Economist對(duì)于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)現(xiàn)狀的報(bào)道?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)初衷是去中心化，但當(dāng)初互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議不夠完善，導(dǎo)致后來很多互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)被巨頭壟斷。這些巨頭在國外是FAANG（Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix以及Google），在國內(nèi)則是BAT（Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent）。第一段最后一句話'we wouldn’t have had all these private actors rush into the void' 指的就是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)巨頭壟斷（由于協(xié)議不完善留下的）基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)真空的事情。
接下來第二段開頭作者寫了一個(gè)倒裝句：And rush in they did. 這里rush in與上一段最后一句rush into the void形成呼應(yīng)，they則指前面提到的private actors，通過這種“倒裝+重復(fù)動(dòng)詞”的形式，作者很巧妙地實(shí)現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)段落的自然連接。
從上面可以看到，要寫出邏輯清晰的文章，我們要特別注意句子以及段落的銜接和連貫。這就要求我們要用好連接詞以及語義承接。
在寫作中常見的連接詞有'because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless'等。這類連接詞大部分同學(xué)都比較熟悉，平時(shí)也經(jīng)常用，但有一些連接詞平時(shí)使用的時(shí)候要多注意。
（1）不要混淆on the contrary / by contrast
On the contrary用來描述與前面提到的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)相反的情況。比如：
There were, however, no US calls for the overthrow of successive Colombian governments. On the contrary,the US supported the Colombians with armaments, finance and goodwill.
By contrast則用于兩者的對(duì)比，比如：Rory is always on time for work.By contrast,Vicki is always late. 這里by contrast不能寫成on the contrary
（2）on the one hand…on the other hand
On the one hand…on the other hand用于陳述兩個(gè)相反的觀點(diǎn)，而不是兩個(gè)并列的觀點(diǎn)（You use on the one hand to introduce the first of two contrasting points, facts, or ways of looking at something.），比如：
On the one hand,if the body doesn't have enough cholesterol, we would not be able to survive. On the other hand,if the body has too much cholesterol, the excess begins to line the arteries.
語義承接可能是中國學(xué)生比較陌生的一種銜接手段，但它非常重要。事實(shí)上，雅思考試在關(guān)于銜接部分的滿分評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中就有這么一條：uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention要做到銜接自然，光靠連接詞還不夠，還要使用語義承接。
語義承接是指通過上下文之間的承接關(guān)系來自然行文，比如通過指示代詞、人稱代詞等對(duì)前一句中出現(xiàn)過的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行指代，或者對(duì)前一句話中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述，解釋，從而形成自然的承接關(guān)系。語義承接現(xiàn)象在地道英文中很常見，舉個(gè)新概念英語3的例子：
(1) Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies. (2) Thisis a major achievement because, in relative terms, planets are very small and do not emit light. (3) Finding planets is proving hard enough, but finding life on them will prove infinitely more difficult. (4) The first question to answer is whether a planet can actually support life. (5) In our own solar system, for example, Venus is far too hot and Mars is far too cold to support life. (6) Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and evenhere it has taken more than four billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
第二句開頭用This來指代第一句的內(nèi)容，這是一種很常見的句間銜接方式，我們平時(shí)在寫作中可以多加應(yīng)用。第三句開頭作者用finding planets is proving hard enough來對(duì)第二句的內(nèi)容做承接，接著用連接詞but進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折，說明在外行星上發(fā)現(xiàn)生命的難度。接下來第四句對(duì)第三句進(jìn)行解釋說明。第五句作者使用for example對(duì)第四句的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行舉例。第六句開頭Only the Earth provides ideal conditions呼應(yīng)了第五句的內(nèi)容Venus is far too hot and Mars is far too cold to support life，然后作者用and even here…進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了生命產(chǎn)生的難度之高。
可以看到，開頭幾個(gè)句子環(huán)環(huán)相扣，邏輯非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，而且作者使用了指示詞以及名詞等形式對(duì)句子進(jìn)行銜接，讀起來非常自然。平時(shí)在閱讀中我們可以多留意句子與句子之間的語義承接現(xiàn)象，并在寫作中多模仿，這樣才能不斷提高句子的銜接和連貫性。
本文系授權(quán)發(fā)布， From 英文悅讀
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